Seven new Neocallimastigomycota genera from wild, zoo-housed, and domesticated herbivores greatly expand the taxonomic diversity of the phylum.
Abstract: We isolated and characterized 65 anaerobic gut fungal (AGF; Neocallimastigomycota) strains from fecal samples of five wild (W, axis deer, white-tailed deer, Boer goat, mouflon, and Nilgiri tahr), one zoo-housed (Z, zebra), and three domesticated (D, horse, sheep, and goat) herbivores in the US states of Texas (TX) and Oklahoma (OK), Wales (WA), and the Indian states of Kerala (KE) and Haryana (HA). Phylogenetic assessment using the D1-D2 regions of the large subunit (28S) rDNA and internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) identified seven monophyletic clades that are distinct from all currently recognized AGF genera. All strains displayed monocentric thalli and produced exclusively or predominantly monoflagellate zoospores, with the exception of axis deer strains, which produced polyflagellate zoospores. Analysis of amplicon-based AGF diversity surveys indicated that zebra and horse strains are representatives of uncultured AL1 group, whereas domesticated goat and sheep strains are representatives of uncultured AL5 group, previously encountered in fecal and rumen samples of multiple herbivores. The other five lineages, all of which were isolated from wild herbivores, have not been previously encountered in such surveys. Our results significantly expand the genus-level diversity within the Neocallimastigomycota and strongly suggest that wild herbivores represent a yet-untapped reservoir of AGF diversity. We propose seven novel genera and eight novel Neocallimastigomycota species to comprise these strains, for which we propose the names (mouflon and wild Boer goat), (white-tailed deer), (wild Boar goat), and (domesticated goat), (axis deer), (domesticated goat and sheep), (zebra-horse), and (Nilgiri tahr).
Publication Date: 2020-02-14 PubMed ID: 32057282DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2019.1696619Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
- Research Support
- U.S. Gov't
- Non-P.H.S.
Summary
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This study involved the isolation and characterization of new strains of anaerobic gut fungal from different herbivores, leading to the discovery of seven new genera. This study significantly expands the known diversity within the Neocallimastigomycota phylum.
Sample Collection and Analysis
- Fecal samples were collected from different herbivores including five wild, one zoo-housed and three domesticated animals belonging to different geographical locations in the USA, Wales and India.
- A total of 65 anaerobic gut fungal strains were isolated from the collected samples.
Identification and Characterization of Strains
- A detailed phylogenetic assessment was conducted using the D1-D2 regions of the large subunit (28S) rDNA and the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1). These strains fell into seven distinct clades which are different from all currently recognized AGF genera.
- All strains were producing exclusively or predominantly monoflagellate zoospores, except for the ones from axis deer which produced polyflagellate zoospores.
Diversity and Novel Genera Discovery
- Zebra and horse strains were found to represent the uncultured AL1 group, while domesticated goat and sheep strains were representatives of AL5 group. Both ofthese groups have previously been detected in herbivores.
- However, five new lineages were discovered which were all from wild herbivores. These lineages had never been previously reported in scientific surveys.
- This significant expansion in the genus-level diversity within the Neocallimastigomycota phylum led to the proposal of seven new genera and eight new species.
- This study also emphasized that wild herbivores represent a yet-untapped resource of AGF diversity.
Cite This Article
APA
Hanafy RA, Lanjekar VB, Dhakephalkar PK, Callaghan TM, Dagar SS, Griffith GW, Elshahed MS, Youssef NH.
(2020).
Seven new Neocallimastigomycota genera from wild, zoo-housed, and domesticated herbivores greatly expand the taxonomic diversity of the phylum.
Mycologia, 112(6), 1212-1239.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2019.1696619 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74074.
- Bioenergy Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India.
- Bioenergy Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India.
- Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University , Aberystwyth, Wales, UK.
- Bioenergy Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India.
- Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University , Aberystwyth, Wales, UK.
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74074.
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74074.
MeSH Terms
- Anaerobiosis
- Animals
- Animals, Domestic / microbiology
- Animals, Wild / microbiology
- Animals, Zoo / microbiology
- DNA, Fungal / genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal / genetics
- Deer / microbiology
- Feces / microbiology
- Female
- Goats / microbiology
- Herbivory / classification
- Horses / microbiology
- Male
- Neocallimastigomycota / classification
- Neocallimastigomycota / genetics
- Neocallimastigomycota / isolation & purification
- Phylogeny
- Sheep / microbiology
- Swine / microbiology
Citations
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