Abstract: A 20-year-old quarter horse gelding was presented for routine dental examination. Periodontal disease and luxation of tooth 108 was diagnosed and oral extraction was planned. After an unsuccessful blind maxillary nerve block, it was elected to perform the procedure under total intravenous anesthesia. Following recovery, a focal superficial corneal ulcer, severe retrobulbar swelling, mild exophthalmos, and marked swelling and prolapse of the third eyelid (nictitating membrane) were observed. Clinical signs persisted beyond 48 h despite the use of systemic anti-inflammatories and topical ocular anti-inflammatories and antibiotics. A temporary tarsorrhaphy was subsequently done at 48 h and the horse was discharged after 5 d of hospitalization and regression of clinical signs. Although it is very useful for easing dental extractions, the blind maxillary nerve block is associated with potential complications due to inadvertent vascular puncture. This case report describes a rare complication of prolapse of the third eyelid in a horse after a maxillary nerve block and successful treatment with a temporary tarsorrhaphy. Key clinical message: This case report explains how nictitating membrane swelling and prolapse can occur following a blind maxillary nerve block in the horse and describes treatment with a temporary tarsorrhaphy. Hématome orbitaire sévère avec gonflement de la troisième paupière et prolapsus à la suite d’un bloc du nerf maxillaire à l’aveugle chez un cheval. Un hongre quarter horse de 20 ans a été présenté pour un examen dentaire de routine. Une maladie parodontale et une luxation de la dent 108 ont été diagnostiquées et une extraction orale a été planifiée. Après l’échec d’un bloc du nerf maxillaire à l’aveugle, il a été décidé d’effectuer la procédure sous anesthésie intraveineuse. Après la guérison, un ulcère cornéen superficiel focal, un gonflement rétrobulbaire sévère, une légère exophtalmie ainsi qu’un gonflement et un prolapsus marqués de la troisième paupière (membrane nictitante) ont été observés. Les signes cliniques ont persisté au-delà de 48 heures malgré l’utilisation d’anti-inflammatoires systémiques et d’anti-inflammatoires oculaires topiques et d’antibiotiques. Une tarsorraphie temporaire a ensuite été réalisée à 48 heures et le cheval est sorti après 5 jours d’hospitalisation et de régression des signes cliniques. Bien qu’il soit très utile pour faciliter les extractions dentaires, le bloc du nerf maxillaire à l’aveugle est associé à des complications potentielles dues à une ponction vasculaire involontaire. Ce rapport de cas décrit une complication rare de prolapsus de la troisième paupière chez un cheval après un bloc nerveux maxillaire et un traitement réussi par tarsorraphie temporaire.Message clinique clé:Ce rapport de cas explique comment un gonflement et un prolapsus de la membrane nictitante peuvent survenir à la suite d’un bloc du nerf maxillaire à l’aveugle chez le cheval et décrit le traitement par tarsorraphie temporaire.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).
Copyright and/or publishing rights held by the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association.
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
This study documents a rare case of third eyelid prolapse in a horse following a maxillary nerve block procedure. Despite complications, including retrobulbar swelling and a corneal ulcer, the condition was successfully treated with a temporary tarsorrhaphy procedure.
Introduction
The study starts with the case of a 20-year-old quarter horse gelding which was brought for a routine dental examination.
The horse was diagnosed with periodontal disease and tooth 108 luxation (positioning abnormality), and an oral extraction was planned.
Procedure and Complications
The vets planned to use a ‘blind maxillary nerve block’ — a technique supposed to numb the area and make the extraction less painful — but the procedure didn’t go as anticipated.
After the unsuccessful nerve block, the decision was made to perform the dental extraction under total intravenous anesthesia.
Post-recovery, the horse developed complications such as a superficial corneal ulcer, severe retrobulbar (behind the eye) swelling, mild exophthalmos (bulging eyes), and significant swelling and prolapse of the third eyelid, also known as the nictitating membrane.
The clinical signs of these complications persisted beyond 48 hours, despite the horse receiving systemic and topical ocular anti-inflammatories plus antibiotics.
Treatment and Recovery
The horse was eventually treated with a temporary tarsorrhaphy after 48 hours — a procedure that involves partially suturing the eyelids together to protect the eye.
The horse was discharged after 5 days of hospitalization, once the clinical signs began to regress.
Conclusion
While the report acknowledges the usefulness of the blind maxillary nerve block for simplifying dental extractions, it also highlights the risk of complications resulting from unintentional vascular puncture.
The report presents a rare consequence of a maxillary nerve block — a prolapse of the nictitating membrane.
The successful management of the case with a temporary tarsorrhaphy also provides key insight for managing similar complications in the future.
Cite This Article
APA
Woodman MJ, MacKenzie J, Osinchuk S, Husulak M.
(2024).
Severe orbital hematoma with third eyelid swelling and prolapse following a blind maxillary nerve block in a horse.
Can Vet J, 65(4), 359-362.
Cornell Ruffian Equine Specialists, 111 Plainfield Avenue, Elmont, New York 11003, USA (Woodman); Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 102-30585B Progressive Way, Abbotsford, British Columbia V2T 6W3 (MacKenzie); Island Veterinary Eye Specialist, 1045 Linden Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia V8V 4H3 (Osinchuk); Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Husulak).
MacKenzie, Joscelyn
Cornell Ruffian Equine Specialists, 111 Plainfield Avenue, Elmont, New York 11003, USA (Woodman); Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 102-30585B Progressive Way, Abbotsford, British Columbia V2T 6W3 (MacKenzie); Island Veterinary Eye Specialist, 1045 Linden Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia V8V 4H3 (Osinchuk); Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Husulak).
Osinchuk, Stephanie
Cornell Ruffian Equine Specialists, 111 Plainfield Avenue, Elmont, New York 11003, USA (Woodman); Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 102-30585B Progressive Way, Abbotsford, British Columbia V2T 6W3 (MacKenzie); Island Veterinary Eye Specialist, 1045 Linden Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia V8V 4H3 (Osinchuk); Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Husulak).
Husulak, Michelle
Cornell Ruffian Equine Specialists, 111 Plainfield Avenue, Elmont, New York 11003, USA (Woodman); Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 102-30585B Progressive Way, Abbotsford, British Columbia V2T 6W3 (MacKenzie); Island Veterinary Eye Specialist, 1045 Linden Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia V8V 4H3 (Osinchuk); Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Husulak).
MeSH Terms
Male
Horses
Animals
Nictitating Membrane
Maxillary Nerve
Prolapse
Edema / veterinary
Hematoma / veterinary
Anti-Inflammatory Agents
Horse Diseases / surgery
References
This article includes 16 references
Rieder CM, Zwick T, Hopster K, Feige K, Bienert-Zeit A. Maxillary nerve block within the pterygopalatine fossa for oral extraction of maxillary cheek teeth in 80 horses.. Pferdeheilkunde 2016;32:587–594.
Tremaine WH. Local analgesic techniques for the equine head.. Equine Vet Educ 2007;19:495–503.
Fletcher B. How to perform effective equine dental nerve blocks.. Proc Amer Assoc Equine Pract Ann Conv 2004;50:233–239.
Moyer W, Schumacher J, Schumacher J. Equine Joint Injection and Regional Anesthesia.. Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania: Academic Veterinary Solutions; 2011. pp. 120–121.
Racine J, Borer-Germann SE, Navas de Solis C, Stoffel MH, Klopfenstein M, Bregger MD. Treatment and ophthalmic sequelae in a horse with facial cellulitis and orbital abscess.. Equine Vet Educ 2017;29:594–599.