Spatial distribution, risk factors and haemato-biochemical alterations associated with Theileria equi infected equids of Punjab (India) diagnosed by indirect ELISA and nested PCR.

The research investigates the spatial distribution, occurrence, and biochemical changes related to Theileria equi infection in equids in Punjab, India, using indirect ELISA and nested PCR methods. The study also identifies the risk factors associated with the infection.

Objective of the Study

• The study aims to assess the exposure levels of equids – horses, donkeys, and mules – to equine piroplasmosis, a tick-borne disease caused mainly by Theileria equi, a protozoan parasite.
• The research also seeks to identify associated risk factors and haemato-biochemical alterations related to the infection.

Methodology

• The research was conducted as a cross-sectional study on 464 equids in Punjab, India.
• The research tools used for the study were nested PCR and indirect ELISA techniques.
• The nested PCR technique was used to detect the 18S rRNA gene of the parasite, while the indirect ELISA was used to detect the equine merozoite antigen-2 (EMA2) levels in the equids.

Findings

• The study reports an occurrence of 21.77% and 49.78% based on PCR amplification and antibody titers respectively suggesting the endemic nature of the disease.
• There was observed a moderate agreement between the two diagnostic tools nPCR and indirect ELISA (Kappa coefficient=0.326).
• The spatial distribution of the disease revealed an increasing trend from the north-eastern to south-western regions of Punjab.
• The study found correlations between temperature, humidity and the prevalence of the disease.
• The significant risk factors associated with the disease included the presence of other domestic animals in the herd, and for PCR positive results, the risk was higher for donkeys/mules, animals kept in unorganized farms, and those used for commercial purposes.
• The biochemical changes observed included increased levels of globulins, gamma-glutamyl transferase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, glucose levels, while there was a decrease in total erythrocyte count, haemoglobin, and packed cell volume.

Significance of the Study

• The study provides significant insights into the prevalence, risk factors and bio-chemical changes associated with Theileria equi infection in equids in Punjab, India.
• The research could serve as a basis for further studies on the presence and effects of the disease in other regions as well.
• Preventive measures, as well as potential treatments, can be developed based on the data derived from such studies.