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Veterinary sciences2022; 9(9); 451; doi: 10.3390/vetsci9090451

Study on NGF and VEGF during the Equine Perinatal Period-Part 1: Healthy Foals Born from Normal Pregnancy and Parturition.

Abstract: The importance of trophic factors, such as nerve growth factor (NGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) during the perinatal period, is now emerging. Through their functional activities of neurogenesis and angiogenesis, they play a key role in the final maturation of the nervous and vascular systems. The present study aims to: (i) evaluate the NGF and VEGF levels obtained at parturition from the mare, foal and umbilical cord vein plasma, as well as in amniotic fluid; (ii) evaluate NGF and VEGF content in the plasma of healthy foals during the first 72 h of life (T0, T24 and T72); (iii) evaluate NGF and VEGF levels at parturition in relation to the selected mares’ and foals’ clinical parameters; (iv) evaluate the relationship between the two trophic factors and the thyroid hormone levels (TT3 and TT4) in the first 72 h of life; (v) assess mRNA expression of NGF, VEGF and BDNF and their cell surface receptors in the placenta. Fourteen Standardbred healthy foals born from mares with normal pregnancies and parturitions were included in the study. The dosage of NGF and VEGF levels was performed using commercial ELISA kits, whereas NGF, VEGF and BDNF placental gene expression was performed using semi-quantitative real-time PCR. In foal plasma, both NGF and VEGF levels decreased significantly over time, from T0 to T24 (p = 0.0066 for NGF; p < 0.0001 for VEGF) and from T0 to T72 (p = 0.0179 for NGF; p = 0.0016 for VEGF). In foal serum, TT3 levels increased significantly over time from T0 to T24 (p = 0.0058) and from T0 to T72 (p = 0.0013), whereas TT4 levels decreased significantly over time from T0 to T24 (p = 0.0201) and from T0 to T72 (p < 0.0001). A positive correlation was found in the levels of NGF and VEGF in foal plasma at each time point (p = 0.0115; r = 0.2862). A positive correlation was found between NGF levels in the foal plasma at T0 and lactate (p = 0.0359; r = 0.5634) as well as between VEGF levels in the foal plasma at T0 and creatine kinase (p = 0.0459; r = 0.5407). VEGF was expressed in all fetal membranes, whereas NGF and its receptors were not expressed in the amnion. The close relationship between the two trophic factors in foal plasma over time and their fine expression in placental tissues appear to be key regulators of fetal development and adaptation to extra-uterine life.
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Publication Date: 2022-08-23 PubMed ID: 36136667PubMed Central: PMC9504588DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090451Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article focuses on assessing the presence and role of trophic factors (specifically nerve growth factor (NGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)) in foals during the perinatal period. It highlights their correlation with developmental processes and adaptation to extra-uterine life.

Objective and Methodology of the Study

  • The study aims to quantify the levels of trophic factors NGF and VEGF at parturition in the mare, foal, umbilical cord vein plasma, amniotic fluid, and evaluate their progression in foal plasma during the first 72 hours of life.
  • It also seeks to understand the correlation of these growth factors with selected clinical parameters and thyroid hormone levels in mares and foals during parturition.
  • The expression of NGF, VEGF, and another factor, brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), and their cell surface receptors in the placenta was assessed.
  • The subjects of this study were 14 healthy foals born from mares with normal pregnancies and parturitions.
  • Commercial ELISA kits were used to measure NGF and VEGF levels, while semi-quantitative real-time PCR was used to assay the gene expression in the placenta.

Key Findings of the Study

  • The study found that both NGF and VEGF levels in the foal’s plasma descended significantly in the first 72 hours after birth.
  • Contrarily, the TT3 hormone levels elevated while TT4 levels fell in foal serum during the same timeframe.
  • The study observed a positive correlation between NGF and VEGF levels in the foal plasma.
  • Additionally, there were positive correlations between NGF levels in foal plasma and lactate and between VEGF levels in the foal plasma and creatine kinase.
  • VEGF was found to be expressed in all examined fetal membranes, while NGF and its receptors had no expression in the amnion.
  • In summary, a tight relationship between NGF and VEGF in foal plasma over time and their distinct expression in placental tissues appear crucial to the developmental processes and adaptation to extra-uterine life.

Conclusion

  • The study offers valuable insights into the roles of trophic factors like NGF and VEGF in the development and adaptation stages of a foal’s life during the perinatal period.
  • Understanding these mechanisms may have important implications for maintaining the health and vitality of newborn foals and further contribute to advancing veterinary medicine and equine neonatal care.

Cite This Article

APA
Ellero N, Lanci A, Baldassarro VA, Alastra G, Mariella J, Cescatti M, Giardino L, Castagnetti C. (2022). Study on NGF and VEGF during the Equine Perinatal Period-Part 1: Healthy Foals Born from Normal Pregnancy and Parturition. Vet Sci, 9(9), 451. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090451

Publication

Veterinary sciences
ISSN: 2306-7381
NlmUniqueID: 101680127
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 9
Issue: 9
PII: 451

Researcher Affiliations

Ellero, Nicola
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
Lanci, Aliai
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
Baldassarro, Vito Antonio
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
Alastra, Giuseppe
  • Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
Mariella, Jole
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
Cescatti, Maura
  • IRET Foundation, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
Giardino, Luciana
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
  • Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
Castagnetti, Carolina
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
  • Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
  1. Ellero N, Lanci A, Baldassarro VA, Alastra G, Mariella J, Cescatti M, Castagnetti C, Giardino L. Study on NGF and VEGF during the Equine Perinatal Period-Part 2: Foals Affected by Neonatal Encephalopathy. Vet Sci 2022 Aug 26;9(9).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci9090459pubmed: 36136675google scholar: lookup
  2. Scoggin KE, Adlan F, Fedorka CE, Rakha SI, Stout TAE, Troedsson MHT, Ali HE. Gestation-Stage Related Changes in the IGF System Components in the Equine Placenta. Biomolecules 2025 Aug 6;15(8).
    doi: 10.3390/biom15081135pubmed: 40867581google scholar: lookup
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