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mBio2015; 6(1); e02445-14; doi: 10.1128/mBio.02445-14

Systems-based analysis of the Sarcocystis neurona genome identifies pathways that contribute to a heteroxenous life cycle.

Abstract: Sarcocystis neurona is a member of the coccidia, a clade of single-celled parasites of medical and veterinary importance including Eimeria, Sarcocystis, Neospora, and Toxoplasma. Unlike Eimeria, a single-host enteric pathogen, Sarcocystis, Neospora, and Toxoplasma are two-host parasites that infect and produce infectious tissue cysts in a wide range of intermediate hosts. As a genus, Sarcocystis is one of the most successful protozoan parasites; all vertebrates, including birds, reptiles, fish, and mammals are hosts to at least one Sarcocystis species. Here we sequenced Sarcocystis neurona, the causal agent of fatal equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. The S. neurona genome is 127 Mbp, more than twice the size of other sequenced coccidian genomes. Comparative analyses identified conservation of the invasion machinery among the coccidia. However, many dense-granule and rhoptry kinase genes, responsible for altering host effector pathways in Toxoplasma and Neospora, are absent from S. neurona. Further, S. neurona has a divergent repertoire of SRS proteins, previously implicated in tissue cyst formation in Toxoplasma. Systems-based analyses identified a series of metabolic innovations, including the ability to exploit alternative sources of energy. Finally, we present an S. neurona model detailing conserved molecular innovations that promote the transition from a purely enteric lifestyle (Eimeria) to a heteroxenous parasite capable of infecting a wide range of intermediate hosts. Objective: Sarcocystis neurona is a member of the coccidia, a clade of single-celled apicomplexan parasites responsible for major economic and health care burdens worldwide. A cousin of Plasmodium, Cryptosporidium, Theileria, and Eimeria, Sarcocystis is one of the most successful parasite genera; it is capable of infecting all vertebrates (fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals-including humans). The past decade has witnessed an increasing number of human outbreaks of clinical significance associated with acute sarcocystosis. Among Sarcocystis species, S. neurona has a wide host range and causes fatal encephalitis in horses, marine mammals, and several other mammals. To provide insights into the transition from a purely enteric parasite (e.g., Eimeria) to one that forms tissue cysts (Toxoplasma), we present the first genome sequence of S. neurona. Comparisons with other coccidian genomes highlight the molecular innovations that drive its distinct life cycle strategies.
Copyright © 2015 Blazejewski et al.
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Publication Date: 2015-02-10 PubMed ID: 25670772PubMed Central: PMC4337577DOI: 10.1128/mBio.02445-14Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research studied the genome of Sarcocystis neurona, a single-celled parasite, identifying certain features that allow it to infect a wide range of hosts.

Overview of Sarcocystis neurona

  • Sarcocystis neurona belongs to the coccidia clade, which encompasses various single-celled parasites of major health and veterinary concern, including Eimeria, Sarcocystis, Neospora, and Toxoplasma.
  • Unlike Eimeria, which infects a single host, parasites like Sarcocystis, Neospora, and Toxoplasma are two-host parasites capable of producing infectious tissue cysts in numerous intermediate hosts.
  • Of its genus, Sarcocystis is one of the most successful parasites, infecting all types of vertebrates, including birds, reptiles, fish, and mammals.

Genome Sequencing of Sarcocystis neurona

  • The researchers sequenced the S. neurona genome, discovering it to be 127 Mbp, more than two times the size of other sequenced coccidian genomes.
  • Through comparative analyses, they recognized the conservation of invasion machinery among the coccidia.
  • However, they noticed the absence of many dense-granule and rhoptry kinase genes in S. neurona, noting their role in changing host effector pathways in Neospora and Toxoplasma.

Unique Aspects of Sarcocystis neurona

  • S. neurona was found to have a different repertoire of SRS proteins, previously associated with tissue cyst formation in Toxoplasma.
  • A systems-based approach identified a number of metabolic innovations, including its ability to use alternative energy sources.
  • The researchers built an S. neurona model detailing certain molecular innovations that allow the parasite to transition from a purely enteric lifestyle as followed by Eimeria to being a heteroxenous parasite, capable of infecting a wide range of intermediate hosts.

The researchers hope that the genome sequence of S. neurona and the subsequent insights can help understand its unique life cycle strategies, which can further assist in the treatment and control of diseases caused by such parasites.

Cite This Article

APA
Blazejewski T, Nursimulu N, Pszenny V, Dangoudoubiyam S, Namasivayam S, Chiasson MA, Chessman K, Tonkin M, Swapna LS, Hung SS, Bridgers J, Ricklefs SM, Boulanger MJ, Dubey JP, Porcella SF, Kissinger JC, Howe DK, Grigg ME, Parkinson J. (2015). Systems-based analysis of the Sarcocystis neurona genome identifies pathways that contribute to a heteroxenous life cycle. mBio, 6(1), e02445-14. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02445-14

Publication

mBio
ISSN: 2150-7511
NlmUniqueID: 101519231
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 6
Issue: 1
PII: e02445-14

Researcher Affiliations

Blazejewski, Tomasz
  • Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Nursimulu, Nirvana
    Pszenny, Viviana
    • Molecular Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
    Dangoudoubiyam, Sriveny
    • Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
    Namasivayam, Sivaranjani
    • Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
    Chiasson, Melissa A
    • Molecular Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
    Chessman, Kyle
      Tonkin, Michelle
      • Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
      Swapna, Lakshmipuram S
      • Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
      Hung, Stacy S
        Bridgers, Joshua
        • Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
        Ricklefs, Stacy M
        • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, USA.
        Boulanger, Martin J
        • Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
        Dubey, Jitender P
        • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, USA.
        Porcella, Stephen F
        • Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana, USA.
        Kissinger, Jessica C
          Howe, Daniel K
          • Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
          Grigg, Michael E
          • Molecular Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA john.parkinson@utoronto.ca griggm@niaid.nih.gov.
          Parkinson, John
          • john.parkinson@utoronto.ca griggm@niaid.nih.gov.

          MeSH Terms

          • Animals
          • Genome, Protozoan
          • Humans
          • Life Cycle Stages
          • Phylogeny
          • Protozoan Proteins / genetics
          • Sarcocystis / classification
          • Sarcocystis / genetics
          • Sarcocystis / growth & development
          • Sarcocystis / metabolism
          • Sarcocystosis / parasitology
          • Sarcocystosis / veterinary

          Grant Funding

          • MOP 84556 / Canadian Institutes of Health Research
          • Intramural NIH HHS

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          Citations

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