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Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2018; 8; 96; doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00096

The Immune Responses of the Animal Hosts of West Nile Virus: A Comparison of Insects, Birds, and Mammals.

Abstract: Vector-borne diseases, including arboviruses, pose a serious threat to public health worldwide. Arboviruses of the flavivirus genus, such as Zika virus (ZIKV), dengue virus, yellow fever virus (YFV), and West Nile virus (WNV), are transmitted to humans from insect vectors and can cause serious disease. In 2017, over 2,000 reported cases of WNV virus infection occurred in the United States, with two-thirds of cases classified as neuroinvasive. WNV transmission cycles through two different animal populations: birds and mosquitoes. Mammals, particularly humans and horses, can become infected through mosquito bites and represent dead-end hosts of WNV infection. Because WNV can infect diverse species, research on this arbovirus has investigated the host response in mosquitoes, birds, humans, and horses. With the growing geographical range of the WNV mosquito vector and increased human exposure, improved surveillance and treatment of the infection will enhance public health in areas where WNV is endemic. In this review, we survey the bionomics of mosquito species involved in Nearctic WNV transmission. Subsequently, we describe the known immune response pathways that counter WNV infection in insects, birds, and mammals, as well as the mechanisms known to curb viral infection. Moreover, we discuss the bacterium and its involvement in reducing flavivirus titer in insects. Finally, we highlight the similarities of the known immune pathways and identify potential targets for future studies aimed at improving antiviral therapeutic and vaccination design.
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Publication Date: 2018-04-03 PubMed ID: 29666784PubMed Central: PMC5891621DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00096Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Comparative Study
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • N.I.H.
  • Extramural
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article explores the immune responses of different animal hosts, particularly insects, birds, and mammals, to West Nile Virus (WNV). It aims to identify similarities and potential targets for future research that could enhance antiviral therapeutic and vaccination design.

Vector-borne Diseases and West Nile Virus

  • The paper begins by discussing vector-borne diseases, particularly focussing on arboviruses of the flavivirus genus, including the West Nile virus (WNV).
  • The study emphasizes the serious threat that these viruses pose to public health, noting the increasing geographical range of the WNV mosquito vector and the concurrent increase in human exposure.
  • The authors offer data indicating that there were over 2,000 reported cases of WNV virus infections in the United States in 2017, with two-thirds of the cases showing a neuroinvasive profile.

The Transmission Cycle of WNV

  • The research identifies that WNV cycles through two animal populations for its transmission: birds and mosquitoes.
  • Mammals, particularly humans and horses, are described as dead-end hosts for WNV as they become infected through mosquito bites but do not participate in further transmission.

Immune Response Pathways to WNV

  • The paper provides detailed information on the immune response pathways that various hosts, including mosquitoes, birds, humans, and horses, deploy to counter WNV infection.
  • It also discusses mechanisms known to curb viral infections and explores the role of certain bacteria in reducing flavivirus titer in insects.

Implications for Future Research

  • The researchers highlight similarities across the known immune pathways in different species, leading to potential targets for future studies.
  • The study advocates for improving antiviral therapeutic and vaccination designs, which is suggested to enhance public health in areas where WNV is endemic.
  • The ultimate goal of the research, as indicated, is to improve surveillance and treatment of WNV infection.

Cite This Article

APA
Ahlers LRH, Goodman AG. (2018). The Immune Responses of the Animal Hosts of West Nile Virus: A Comparison of Insects, Birds, and Mammals. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 8, 96. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2018.00096

Publication

Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
ISSN: 2235-2988
NlmUniqueID: 101585359
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 8
Pages: 96
PII: 96

Researcher Affiliations

Ahlers, Laura R H
  • School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
Goodman, Alan G
  • School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
  • Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Birds / genetics
  • Birds / immunology
  • Birds / virology
  • Humans
  • Insecta / genetics
  • Insecta / immunology
  • Insecta / virology
  • Mammals / genetics
  • Mammals / immunology
  • Mammals / virology
  • West Nile Fever / genetics
  • West Nile Fever / immunology
  • West Nile Fever / veterinary
  • West Nile Fever / virology
  • West Nile virus / genetics
  • West Nile virus / physiology

Grant Funding

  • R21 AI128103 / NIAID NIH HHS
  • T32 GM008336 / NIGMS NIH HHS

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