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Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2024; 13(6); 458; doi: 10.3390/pathogens13060458

The Potential of Plant-Produced Virus-like Particle Vaccines for African Horse Sickness and Other Equine Orbiviruses.

Abstract: African horse sickness is a devastating viral disease of equids. It is transmitted by biting midges of the genus with mortalities reaching over 90% in naïve horses. It is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa and is seasonally endemic in many parts of southern Africa. However, outbreaks in Europe and Asia have occurred that caused significant economic issues. There are attenuated vaccines available for control of the virus but concerns regarding the safety and efficacy means that alternatives are sought. One promising alternative is the use of virus-like particles in vaccine preparations, which have the potential to be safer and more efficacious as vaccines against African horse sickness. These particles are best made in a complex, eukaryotic system, but due to technical challenges, this may cause significant economic strain on the developing countries most affected by the disease. Therefore, this review also summarises the success so far, and potential, of recombinant protein expression in plants to reduce the economic strain of production.
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Publication Date: 2024-05-28 PubMed ID: 38921755PubMed Central: PMC11206403DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060458Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This article reviews the potential of using plant-produced virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines as a safer and more effective alternative for controlling African horse sickness (AHS), a deadly viral disease affecting horses.
  • It highlights the economic and technical challenges involved, particularly in developing countries, and discusses advances in recombinant protein expression in plants to make vaccine production more affordable.

Background on African Horse Sickness (AHS)

  • AHS is a viral disease primarily affecting equids (horses, donkeys, zebras), caused by the African horse sickness virus (AHSV), an orbivirus.
  • The virus is spread by biting midges of the genus Culicoides, leading to severe disease with mortality rates exceeding 90% in horses with no prior immunity.
  • The disease is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa and exhibits seasonal outbreaks, particularly in southern Africa.
  • Outbreaks outside Africa, in Europe and Asia, have caused major economic losses due to livestock deaths and imposed trade restrictions.

Current Vaccination Approaches and Limitations

  • Live attenuated vaccines currently exist and have been used to control AHS in endemic regions.
  • However, these vaccines raise safety concerns, including the risk of reversion to virulence or causing adverse reactions.
  • They may also have limitations related to efficacy, especially in diverse viral strains or under certain environmental conditions.
  • Such safety and efficacy issues motivate the search for improved vaccine strategies.

Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) as Vaccine Candidates

  • VLPs are self-assembled structures that mimic the virus’s outer shell but lack genetic material, making them non-infectious.
  • Because they resemble natural viruses, VLPs can induce strong immune responses without the risk of causing disease.
  • These particles are recognized as a promising alternative to conventional vaccines for AHS, potentially offering enhanced safety and efficacy.
  • Production of VLPs generally requires complex eukaryotic expression systems to ensure proper protein folding and post-translational modifications.

Challenges in Production and Economic Impact

  • Traditional production systems for VLPs, such as insect or mammalian cell cultures, involve sophisticated technology, high operational costs, and infrastructure challenges.
  • These barriers are significant for many of the countries most affected by AHS, often with limited resources and funding for large-scale vaccine manufacturing.
  • The economic strain makes it difficult to produce and distribute these novel vaccines widely and affordably throughout endemic regions.

Plant-Based Recombinant Protein Expression as a Solution

  • The review highlights the use of plants as biofactories for producing recombinant proteins, including VLPs.
  • Plants offer several advantages: low production costs, ease of scaling up, reduced risk of contamination with human pathogens, and simpler storage requirements.
  • Techniques such as transient expression using agroinfiltration allow rapid and high-yield production of complex proteins and VLPs in plants.
  • Previous research demonstrates successful expression of orbivirus proteins and assembly of VLPs in plants, validating this platform’s potential.
  • Using plant systems could significantly reduce the economic barriers to vaccine development and accessibility in resource-limited settings.

Conclusions and Future Directions

  • Plant-produced VLP vaccines represent a promising avenue to improve the control of African horse sickness by offering safer, effective, and affordable immunization options.
  • Further research and development are needed to optimize expression systems, validate immunogenicity and protective efficacy in horses, and develop scalable manufacturing protocols.
  • If successfully translated into practical vaccines, this approach could benefit not only AHS control but also vaccines targeting other equine orbiviruses.
  • The study advocates for greater investment in plant biotechnology platforms as a strategic tool to address animal health challenges in developing regions.

Cite This Article

APA
Pitchers KG, Boakye OD, Campeotto I, Daly JM. (2024). The Potential of Plant-Produced Virus-like Particle Vaccines for African Horse Sickness and Other Equine Orbiviruses. Pathogens, 13(6), 458. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13060458

Publication

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2076-0817
NlmUniqueID: 101596317
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 6
PII: 458

Researcher Affiliations

Pitchers, Kieran G
  • One Virology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington, University of Nottingham, Nottinghamshire LE12 5RD, UK.
Boakye, Oliver D
  • School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington, University of Nottingham, Nottinghamshire LE12 5RD, UK.
Campeotto, Ivan
  • School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington, University of Nottingham, Nottinghamshire LE12 5RD, UK.
Daly, Janet M
  • One Virology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington, University of Nottingham, Nottinghamshire LE12 5RD, UK.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • African Horse Sickness / prevention & control
  • African Horse Sickness / epidemiology
  • African Horse Sickness / immunology
  • Horses
  • Viral Vaccines / immunology
  • Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle / immunology
  • Orbivirus / immunology
  • Orbivirus / genetics
  • African Horse Sickness Virus / immunology
  • Reoviridae Infections / prevention & control
  • Reoviridae Infections / veterinary
  • Reoviridae Infections / immunology
  • Plants, Genetically Modified

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Peralta-Cuevas E, Garcia-Atutxa I, Huerta-Saquero A, Villanueva-Flores F. The Role of Plant Virus-like Particles in Advanced Drug Delivery and Vaccine Development: Structural Attributes and Application Potential.. Viruses 2025 Jan 23;17(2).
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