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Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2025; 15(7); 989; doi: 10.3390/ani15070989

Towards Practical Conservation Cloning: Understanding the Dichotomy Between the Histories of Commercial and Conservation Cloning.

Abstract: Over 40 years ago, scientists imagined ways cloning could aid conservation of threatened taxa. The cloning of Dolly the sheep from adult somatic cells in 1996 was the breakthrough that finally enabled the conservation potential of the technology. Until the 2020s, conservation cloning research efforts yielded no management applications, leading many to believe cloning is not yet an effective conservation tool. In strong contrast, domestic taxa are cloned routinely for scientific and commercial purposes. In this review, we sought to understand the reasons for these divergent trends. We scoured peer-reviewed and gray literature and sent direct inquiries to scientists to analyze a more comprehensive history of the field than was analyzed in previous reviews. While most previous reviewers concluded that a lack of reproductive knowledge of wildlife species has hindered advances for wider conservation applications, we found that resource limitations (e.g., numbers of surrogates, sustainable funding) and widely held misconceptions about cloning are significant contributors to the stagnation of the field. Recent successes in cloning programs for the endangered black-footed ferret () and Przewalski's horse (), the world's first true applied-conservation cloning efforts, are demonstrating that cloning can be used for significant conservation impact in the present. When viewed alongside the long history of cloning achievements, these programs emphasize the value of investing in the science and resources needed to meaningfully integrate cloning into conservation management, especially for species with limited genetic diversity that rely on the maintenance of small populations for many generations while conservationists work to restore habitat and mitigate threats in the wild.
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Publication Date: 2025-03-29 PubMed ID: 40218382PubMed Central: PMC11988126DOI: 10.3390/ani15070989Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This research article reviews the history and challenges of conservation cloning, contrasting it with the successful commercial cloning of domestic species.
  • It highlights recent breakthroughs in cloning endangered species and argues for increased investment to make cloning a viable conservation tool.

Introduction and Background

  • Cloning for conservation purposes has been imagined by scientists for over 40 years as a method to help protect threatened species.
  • The pivotal moment was in 1996 with the cloning of Dolly the sheep from adult somatic cells, which proved that cloning of complex mammals was achievable.
  • Despite this breakthrough, conservation cloning did not translate into practical management tools until the 2020s, unlike commercial cloning which became routine for domestic animals.

Goals and Methods of the Review

  • The authors aimed to understand why conservation cloning lags behind commercial cloning.
  • They conducted an extensive review of both peer-reviewed and gray literature.
  • Additionally, they contacted scientists directly to obtain an in-depth understanding of the field’s history beyond what earlier reviews encompassed.

Findings on Barriers to Conservation Cloning

  • Contrary to past reviews that mostly blamed insufficient reproductive knowledge about wildlife species, the authors found additional major barriers:
    • Resource limitations such as the scarcity of suitable surrogate mothers for cloned embryos.
    • Challenges related to securing sustainable long-term funding for conservation cloning projects.
    • Prevalent misconceptions about cloning’s feasibility and usefulness in conservation, which have hindered progress and investment.

Recent Successes in Conservation Cloning

  • The article highlights two pioneering conservation cloning programs:
    • The endangered black-footed ferret cloning project.
    • The cloning of Przewalski’s horse.
  • These projects represent the first true applications of cloning to species conservation with measurable impacts.
  • They demonstrate cloning’s potential to maintain or even increase genetic diversity in species with very limited populations.

Implications and Recommendations

  • Conservation cloning can become a practical and valuable tool when integrated with traditional conservation strategies.
  • Maintaining small populations genetically over many generations using cloning can buy time for habitat restoration and threat mitigation.
  • The authors stress the importance of:
    • Investing in scientific research to improve cloning technologies for wildlife.
    • Allocating sufficient resources, including funding and surrogates.
    • Improving public and stakeholder understanding to dispel myths surrounding cloning.
  • Overall, the paper argues for shifting cloning from a theoretical possibility to a practical component of conservation management.

Cite This Article

APA
Novak BJ, Brand S, Phelan R, Plichta S, Ryder OA, Wiese RJ. (2025). Towards Practical Conservation Cloning: Understanding the Dichotomy Between the Histories of Commercial and Conservation Cloning. Animals (Basel), 15(7), 989. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15070989

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 15
Issue: 7
PII: 989

Researcher Affiliations

Novak, Ben J
  • Revive & Restore, 1505 Bridgeway #203, Sausalito, CA 94965, USA.
Brand, Stewart
  • Revive & Restore, 1505 Bridgeway #203, Sausalito, CA 94965, USA.
Phelan, Ryan
  • Revive & Restore, 1505 Bridgeway #203, Sausalito, CA 94965, USA.
Plichta, Sasha
  • Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
Ryder, Oliver A
  • Beckman Center for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, CA 92027, USA.
Wiese, Robert J
  • North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27601, USA.

Conflict of Interest Statement

B.J.N. and R.P. are employed by the non-profit organization Revive & Restore. S.B. sits on the board of Revive & Restore. O.A.R. is employed by the non-profit organization San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

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