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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2015; 112(50); E6889-E6897; doi: 10.1073/pnas.1513696112

Tracking the origins of Yakutian horses and the genetic basis for their fast adaptation to subarctic environments.

Abstract: Yakutia, Sakha Republic, in the Siberian Far East, represents one of the coldest places on Earth, with winter record temperatures dropping below -70 °C. Nevertheless, Yakutian horses survive all year round in the open air due to striking phenotypic adaptations, including compact body conformations, extremely hairy winter coats, and acute seasonal differences in metabolic activities. The evolutionary origins of Yakutian horses and the genetic basis of their adaptations remain, however, contentious. Here, we present the complete genomes of nine present-day Yakutian horses and two ancient specimens dating from the early 19th century and ∼5,200 y ago. By comparing these genomes with the genomes of two Late Pleistocene, 27 domesticated, and three wild Przewalski's horses, we find that contemporary Yakutian horses do not descend from the native horses that populated the region until the mid-Holocene, but were most likely introduced following the migration of the Yakut people a few centuries ago. Thus, they represent one of the fastest cases of adaptation to the extreme temperatures of the Arctic. We find cis-regulatory mutations to have contributed more than nonsynonymous changes to their adaptation, likely due to the comparatively limited standing variation within gene bodies at the time the population was founded. Genes involved in hair development, body size, and metabolic and hormone signaling pathways represent an essential part of the Yakutian horse adaptive genetic toolkit. Finally, we find evidence for convergent evolution with native human populations and woolly mammoths, suggesting that only a few evolutionary strategies are compatible with survival in extremely cold environments.
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Publication Date: 2015-11-23 PubMed ID: 26598656PubMed Central: PMC4687531DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1513696112Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article investigates the adaptive genetic traits that allow Yakutian horses in Siberia to survive in extremely cold environments. The study delves into the evolutionary origins of these horses, revealing them as one of the fastest adaptations to arctic temperatures, and identifies pivotal genes related to hair development, body size, and metabolic functions that form part of the horse’s adaptive genetic makeup.

Understanding the Origins and Adaptations of Yakutian Horses

The research focuses on Yakutian horses in Siberia, known for their remarkable adaptations that enable them to withstand harsh cold temperatures, including:

  • Compact body conformations;
  • Extremely hairy winter coats; and
  • Significant seasonal differences in metabolic activities.

However, the origins of these horses and the underlying genetic groundwork of their adaptations remained largely unexplored. To investigate this, the researchers sequenced and analyzed the full genomes of nine present-day Yakutian horses and two ancient specimens approximately from the early 19th century and about 5,200 years ago.

Genetic Analysis and Comparisons

The genomes of the Yakutian horses were compared with those of Late Pleistocene horses, domesticated horses, and wild Przewalski’s horses. This comparison revealed that modern Yakutian horses did not descend from native horses that populated the region until around the mid-Holocene.

Instead, they were likely introduced following the migration of the Yakut people just a few centuries ago, marking one of the fastest cases of adaptation to the extreme temperatures of the Arctic.

Adaptive Genetic Traits

The researchers identified that cis-regulatory mutations, changes that impact gene expression, contributed more to their adaptation than nonsynonymous changes, changes that impact the resulting protein made by a gene. This is likely due to the limited genetic variation within gene bodies when the population was founded.

They identified genes implicated in hair development, body size, and metabolic and hormonal signaling pathways as key to the adaptive abilities of the Yakutian horse.

Convergent Evolution

The study also found evidence for convergent evolution with native human populations and woolly mammoths, suggesting that there are only a few evolutionary strategies that can ensure survival in extremely cold environments.

Cite This Article

APA
Librado P, Der Sarkissian C, Ermini L, Schubert M, Jónsson H, Albrechtsen A, Fumagalli M, Yang MA, Gamba C, Seguin-Orlando A, Mortensen CD, Petersen B, Hoover CA, Lorente-Galdos B, Nedoluzhko A, Boulygina E, Tsygankova S, Neuditschko M, Jagannathan V, Thèves C, Alfarhan AH, Alquraishi SA, Al-Rasheid KA, Sicheritz-Ponten T, Popov R, Grigoriev S, Alekseev AN, Rubin EM, McCue M, Rieder S, Leeb T, Tikhonov A, Crubézy E, Slatkin M, Marques-Bonet T, Nielsen R, Willerslev E, Kantanen J, Prokhortchouk E, Orlando L. (2015). Tracking the origins of Yakutian horses and the genetic basis for their fast adaptation to subarctic environments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 112(50), E6889-E6897. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1513696112

Publication

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
ISSN: 1091-6490
NlmUniqueID: 7505876
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 112
Issue: 50
Pages: E6889-E6897

Researcher Affiliations

Librado, Pablo
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark;
Der Sarkissian, Clio
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark;
Ermini, Luca
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark;
Schubert, Mikkel
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark;
Jónsson, Hákon
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark;
Albrechtsen, Anders
  • Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200N Copenhagen, Denmark;
Fumagalli, Matteo
  • UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;
Yang, Melinda A
  • Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140;
Gamba, Cristina
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark;
Seguin-Orlando, Andaine
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark; National High-Throughput DNA Sequencing Centre, University of Copenhagen, 1353K Copenhagen, Denmark;
Mortensen, Cecilie D
  • National High-Throughput DNA Sequencing Centre, University of Copenhagen, 1353K Copenhagen, Denmark;
Petersen, Bent
  • Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark;
Hoover, Cindi A
  • Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;
Lorente-Galdos, Belen
  • Universitat Pompeu Fabra/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
Nedoluzhko, Artem
  • National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia;
Boulygina, Eugenia
  • National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia;
Tsygankova, Svetlana
  • National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia;
Neuditschko, Markus
  • Agroscope, Swiss National Stud Farm, 1580 Avenches, Switzerland;
Jagannathan, Vidhya
  • Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland;
Thèves, Catherine
  • Université de Toulouse, University Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, 31000 Toulouse, France;
Alfarhan, Ahmed H
  • Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
Alquraishi, Saleh A
  • Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
Al-Rasheid, Khaled A S
  • Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas
  • Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark;
Popov, Ruslan
  • Yakutian Research Institute of Agriculture, 677002 Yakutsk, Sakha, Russia;
Grigoriev, Semyon
  • North-Eastern Federal University, 677000 Yakutsk, Russia;
Alekseev, Anatoly N
  • North-Eastern Federal University, 677000 Yakutsk, Russia;
Rubin, Edward M
  • Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;
McCue, Molly
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108;
Rieder, Stefan
  • Agroscope, Swiss National Stud Farm, 1580 Avenches, Switzerland;
Leeb, Tosso
  • Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland;
Tikhonov, Alexei
  • Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
Crubézy, Eric
  • Université de Toulouse, University Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, 31000 Toulouse, France;
Slatkin, Montgomery
  • Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140;
Marques-Bonet, Tomas
  • Universitat Pompeu Fabra/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
Nielsen, Rasmus
  • Center for Theoretical Evolutionary Genomics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140;
Willerslev, Eske
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark;
Kantanen, Juha
  • Biotechnology and Food Research, Agrifood Research Finland, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland; Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
Prokhortchouk, Egor
  • National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia;
Orlando, Ludovic
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark; Université de Toulouse, University Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, 31000 Toulouse, France; lorlando@snm.ku.dk.

MeSH Terms

  • Adaptation, Physiological / genetics
  • Animals
  • Arctic Regions
  • Cold Temperature
  • Evolution, Molecular
  • Genome
  • Horses / genetics
  • Horses / physiology
  • Siberia

Grant Funding

  • R01 GM040282 / NIGMS NIH HHS
  • R01-GM40282 / NIGMS NIH HHS

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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