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Genes2021; 12(3); doi: 10.3390/genes12030412

Traces of Late Bronze and Early Iron Age Mongolian Horse Mitochondrial Lineages in Modern Populations.

Abstract: The Mongolian horse is one of the most ancient and relatively unmanaged horse breeds. The population history of the Mongolian horse remains poorly understood due to a lack of information on ancient and modern DNA. Here, we report nearly complete mitochondrial genome data obtained from five ancient Mongolian horse samples of the Khereksur and Deer Stone culture (late 2nd to 1st third of the 1st millennium BC) and one ancient horse specimen from the Xiongnu culture (1st century BC to 1st century AD) using target enrichment and high-throughput sequencing methods. Phylogenetic analysis involving ancient, historical, and modern mitogenomes of horses from Mongolia and other regions showed the presence of three mitochondrial haplogroups in the ancient Mongolian horse populations studied here and similar haplotype composition of ancient and modern horse populations of Mongolia. Our results revealed genetic continuity between the Mongolian horse populations of the Khereksur and Deer Stone culture and those of the Xiongnu culture owing to the presence of related mitotypes. Besides, we report close phylogenetic relationships between haplotypes of the Khereksur and Deer Stone horses and the horses of indigenous breeds of the Middle East (Caspian and Iranian), China (Naqu, Yunnan, and Jinjiang), and Italy (Giara) as well as genetic similarity between the Xiongnu Mongolian horses and those of the most ancient breeds of the Middle East (Arabian) and Central Asia (Akhal-Teke). Despite all the migrations of the Mongolian peoples over the past 3000 years, mitochondrial haplogroup composition of Mongolian horse populations remains almost unchanged.
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Publication Date: 2021-03-12 PubMed ID: 33809280PubMed Central: PMC8000342DOI: 10.3390/genes12030412Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research paper investigates the genetic lineage of ancient Mongolian horses, focusing on their mitochondrial DNA, which reveals interesting connections with modern horse populations from Mongolia and other regions. The researchers also comment on the unchanged nature of the ancient horse breeds’ genetic composition over the past 3000 years despite significant human migrations.

Methods Used

  • The researchers obtained nearly complete mitochondrial genome data from five ancient Mongolian horse samples and one ancient horse specimen from different historical cultures, specifically the Khereksur, Deer Stone, and Xiongnu cultures.
  • They used a combination of target enrichment and high-throughput sequencing methods to gather this data.
  • The research team then conducted a Phylogenetic analysis comparing the ancient DNA with historical and modern mitogenomes from horse populations in Mongolia and other regions.

Key Findings

  • The ancient horses revealed the presence of three mitochondrial haplogroups, identifying the prevalence of different ancestral lineages in these populations.
  • There was a notable similarity in the haplotype composition of the ancient and modern horse populations in Mongolia, suggesting significant genetic continuity among these groups.
  • The researchers also discovered close phylogenetic relationships between Khereksur and Deer Stone horses and horses from several indigenous breeds from other regions like the Middle East, China, and Italy.
  • Further, the ancient Xiongnu Mongolian horses showed genetic similarities with the oldest known breeds from the Middle East and Central Asia.
  • Despite discernible migrations of Mongolian peoples over the past three millennia, the mitochondrial haplogroup composition of Mongolian horse populations remained largely unaltered.

Significance of the Research

  • This research provides insights into the genetic lineage and continuity of ancient Mongolian horses, which enhances our understanding of horse domestication and breed development.
  • The reported close phylogenetic relationships may suggest historic trade routes, migration paths, or shared practices of horse breeding across various cultures.
  • The findings also underscore the importance of mitochondrial DNA in providing information about species history and evolution, particularly, the role of human culture and migration in shaping the genetic diversity of animals.

Cite This Article

APA
Kusliy MA, Vorobieva NV, Tishkin AA, Makunin AI, Druzhkova AS, Trifonov VA, Iderkhangai TO, Graphodatsky AS. (2021). Traces of Late Bronze and Early Iron Age Mongolian Horse Mitochondrial Lineages in Modern Populations. Genes (Basel), 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12030412

Publication

Genes
ISSN: 2073-4425
NlmUniqueID: 101551097
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 3

Researcher Affiliations

Kusliy, Mariya A
  • Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
Vorobieva, Nadezhda V
  • Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
Tishkin, Alexey A
  • Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, 656049 Barnaul, Russia.
Makunin, Alexey I
  • Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
Druzhkova, Anna S
  • Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
Trifonov, Vladimir A
  • Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
Iderkhangai, Tumur-O
  • Department of Archaeology, Ulaanbaatar State University, Ulaanbaatar 13343, Mongolia.
Graphodatsky, Alexander S
  • Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • China
  • DNA, Mitochondrial / genetics
  • Genetic Variation / genetics
  • Genome, Mitochondrial / genetics
  • Haplotypes / genetics
  • Horses / genetics
  • Italy
  • Middle East
  • Mitochondria / genetics
  • Mongolia

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of the data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

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