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Genes2022; 13(12); 2272; doi: 10.3390/genes13122272

Unlocking Horse Y Chromosome Diversity.

Abstract: The present equine genetic variation mirrors the deep influence of intensive breeding programs during the last 200 years. Here, we provide a comprehensive current state of knowledge on the trends and prospects on the variation in the equine male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY), which was assembled for the first time in 2018. In comparison with the other 12 mammalian species, horses are now the most represented, with 56 documented MSY genes. However, in contrast to the high variability in mitochondrial DNA observed in many horse breeds from different geographic areas, modern horse populations demonstrate extremely low genetic Y-chromosome diversity. The selective pressures employed by breeders using pedigree data (which are not always error-free) as a predictive tool represent the main cause of this lack of variation in the Y-chromosome. Nevertheless, the detailed phylogenies obtained by recent fine-scaled Y-chromosomal genotyping in many horse breeds worldwide have contributed to addressing the genealogical, forensic, and population questions leading to the reappraisal of the Y-chromosome as a powerful genetic marker to avoid the loss of biodiversity as a result of selective breeding practices, and to better understand the historical development of horse breeds.
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Publication Date: 2022-12-02 PubMed ID: 36553539PubMed Central: PMC9777570DOI: 10.3390/genes13122272Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research highlights the current understanding of genetic variability, particularly the male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY), in horses. It investigates how intensive breeding programs over the past 200 years have shaped the genetic diversity of horses, with a particular focus on the low variability of the Y-chromosome despite high variability in mitochondrial DNA.

Understanding Equine Genetic Variation

  • The researchers used a comprehensive approach to study the genetic diversity in the male-specific region of a horse’s Y-chromosome. This region was assembled for the first time in 2018, revealing 56 documented MSY genes, an amount that exceeds the representation in other mammalian species.
  • The research comments on the high level of genetic variation in many horse breeds seen in mitochondrial DNA. However, they found a contrasting picture when they analyzed the Y-chromosome where there was very low genetic diversity.

The Role of Selective Breeding Practices

  • One of the major causes for this low variability in the Y-chromosome is the impact of intensive breeding programs over the last 200 years. The study suggests that breeders’ use of pedigree data, which may not always be accurate, as a tool for predicting outcomes has contributed to this lack of diversity.
  • While the genetic variety in mitochondrial DNA reflects the maternal lineage and genetic contribution, the Y-chromosome provides insights into the paternal lineage. In highly selective breeding programs, the number of male contributors is often limited, leading to a decrease in Y-chromosome diversity.

Reappraisal of the Y-Chromosome as a Genetic Marker

  • The researchers have turned to fine-scaled Y-chromosomal genotyping in many horse breeds around the world. This has enabled a more detailed understanding of phylogeny, the study of the lineage and historical development of horse breeds.
  • These findings have prompted a reassessment of the Y-chromosome as a valuable genetic marker. By leveraging this genetic information, strategies can be developed to prevent loss of biodiversity resulting from selective breeding practices. Furthermore, it can provide a more in-depth understanding of a horse breed’s historical development.

Cite This Article

APA
(2022). Unlocking Horse Y Chromosome Diversity. Genes (Basel), 13(12), 2272. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13122272

Publication

Genes
ISSN: 2073-4425
NlmUniqueID: 101551097
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 12
PII: 2272

Researcher Affiliations

MeSH Terms

  • Horses / genetics
  • Animals
  • Male
  • Y Chromosome / genetics
  • Phylogeny
  • Pedigree
  • Selective Breeding
  • Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
  • Mammals / genetics

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 4 times.
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