[Uroperitoneum in neonatal foals – a review of the literature].
Abstract: Uroperitoneum is a typical disease in newborn foals. An accumulation of urine develops in the abdominal cavity in consequence to a congenital or acquired leakage in the urinary tract. Colts are more frequently affected than fillies. The most common cause of uroperitoneum is a rupture of the dorsal urinary bladder wall. The urinary bladder is affected in 73.1 %, the urachus in 21.6 % and the ureter in 5.2 % of cases. Typical clinical signs occur 2-5 days postpartum, and encompass reduced general condition, abdominal distention, mild colic symptoms and unphysiologic micturition. Ultrasound examination in conjunction with abdominocentesis is considered as the gold standard of diagnostics. Typical laboratory findings are azotemia, metabolic acidosis as well as electrolyte imbalances, particularly hyperkalemia, hyponatriemia and hypochloridemia. Surgical treatment is the only reasonable therapy. Preoperative metabolic disorders and electrolyte abnormalities should be corrected prior to surgery. Especially hyperkalemia leads to a high potential for complications during general anesthesia. Following effective perioperative stabilization, the presence of a defect in the bladder wall or the urachus carries a good prognosis. In total, 63.6 % of the affected foals are healed. Most common complication is a recurrence of uroperitoneum caused by disruption of the suture line or an incomplete closure of the defect. Das Uroperitoneum ist eine typische Erkrankung des neugeborenen Fohlens. Durch einen kongenitalen oder erworbenen Defekt im Harntrakt kommt es zur Ansammlung von Urin in der Bauchhöhle. Männliche Tiere sind öfter betroffen als weibliche. Am häufigsten entwickelt sich ein Uroperitoneum durch eine Zusammenhangstrennung in der dorsalen Harnblasenwand. Die Harnblase ist in 73,1 %, der Urachus in 21,6 % und die Ureteren in 5,2 % der Fälle betroffen. Erkrankte Fohlen zeigen meist 2–5 Tage post natum typische klinische Symptome wie reduziertes Allgemeinbefinden, umfangsvermehrtes Abdomen, milde Koliksymptome und unphysiologisches Harnabsatzverhalten. Die sonografische Untersuchung in Verbindung mit der Abdominozentese gilt als Goldstandard der Diagnostik. Typische labordiagnostische Befunde sind Azotämie, metabolische Azidose und Elektrolytabweichungen, insbesondere Hyperkaliämie, Hyponatriämie und Hypochloridämie. Die chirurgische Versorgung des Defekts stellt die einzige adäquate Behandlung dar. Vor dem chirurgischen Eingriff sollten stets die metabolische Entgleisung und die Verschiebungen im Elektrolythaushalt korrigiert werden, da vor allem die Hyperkaliämie das Komplikationspotenzial der Anästhesie erhöht. Bei guter perioperativer Stabilisierung und einem Defekt an der Blase oder am Urachus ist die Prognose gut. Insgesamt werden 63,6 % der betroffenen Fohlen geheilt. Zu den häufigsten Komplikationen gehören Rezidive durch Nahtdehiszenz oder einen inkompletten Verschluss der Defekte.
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Publication Date: 2021-02-15 PubMed ID: 33588479DOI: 10.1055/a-1345-7148Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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This paper reviews available literature and data on uroperitoneum, a medical condition common in newborn foals where urine accumulates in the abdominal cavity due to a leakage in the urinary tract. This condition is typically caused by a rupture of the dorsal urinary bladder wall. Foals exhibit symptoms of this condition 2-5 days post-birth. Diagnosis usually involves ultrasound and abdominocentesis, and surgical treatment is the standard response. Correcting preoperative metabolic disorders and electrolyte abnormalities is necessary before surgery.
Understanding Uroperitoneum in Neonatal Foals
- The article provides a comprehensive review on uroperitoneum, a clinical condition primarily observed in neonatal foals. Urine accumulates abnormally in their abdominal cavity due to either a congenital defect or an acquired leakage in the urinary tract.
Gender Discrepancy and Cause
- The research shows that the disease is diagnosed more frequently in colts than in fillies.
- The most common cause of uroperitoneum is the rupture of the dorsal urinary bladder wall.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
- Affected foals most commonly show symptoms of uroperitoneum 2-5 days after birth. These symptoms include a reduced overall condition, a distended abdomen, mild colic symptoms, and unphysiological urination.
- The recommended diagnostic method is ultrasound examination in combination with abdominocentesis, a surgical procedure that involves puncture of the abdominal cavity to remove fluid.
Lab Findings
- Lab tests typically reveal azotemia, a condition characterized by abnormally high levels of nitrogen compounds in the blood, metabolic acidosis, and electrolyte imbalances, particularly hyperkalemia (high potassium levels), hyponatremia (low sodium levels), and hypochloridemia (low chloride levels).
Treatment and Prognosis
- Surgical treatment is identified as the sole reasonable therapy for this condition. Correcting preoperative metabolic disorders and electrolyte abnormalities is vital before surgery is undertaken – especially hyperkalemia, as it increases the potential for complications during general anesthesia.
- With effective perioperative stabilization and the presence of a defect in the bladder wall or the urachus (the tube that drains the urinary bladder of the fetus), the prognosis for affected foals is generally good. In total, this study indicates that 63.6% of foals with uroperitoneum fully recover.
Complications
- The most common complication is a recurrence of uroperitoneum caused by the suture line coming apart or an incomplete closure of the defect.
Cite This Article
APA
Bernick A, Nieth J, Wehrend A.
(2021).
[Uroperitoneum in neonatal foals – a review of the literature].
Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere, 49(1), 41-50.
https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1345-7148 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Klinik für Geburtshilfe, Gynäkologie und Andrologie der Groß- und Kleintiere, Klinikum Veterinärmedizin der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Female
- Horse Diseases / congenital
- Horse Diseases / diagnostic imaging
- Horse Diseases / etiology
- Horses
- Male
- Peritoneal Diseases / congenital
- Peritoneal Diseases / diagnostic imaging
- Peritoneal Diseases / etiology
- Peritoneal Diseases / veterinary
- Rupture / veterinary
- Sex Factors
- Urachus / injuries
- Urachus / pathology
- Ureter / injuries
- Ureter / pathology
- Urinary Bladder / injuries
- Urinary Bladder / pathology
Conflict of Interest Statement
Die Autoren bestätigen, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.
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