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Viruses2024; 16(9); 1428; doi: 10.3390/v16091428

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Detected in Biting Midges and Black Flies during the 2023 Outbreak in Southern California.

Abstract: Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is a viral disease that affects horses, cattle, and swine that is transmitted by direct contact and hematophagous insects. In 2023, a multi-state outbreak of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) occurred in California, Nevada, and Texas, infecting horses, cattle, and rhinoceros. To identify possible insect vectors, we conducted insect surveillance at various locations in San Diego County, CA, including at a wildlife park. CO baited traps set from mid-May to mid-August 2023 collected 2357 biting midges and 1215 black flies, which are insect genera implicated in VSNJV transmission. Insects were pooled by species, location, and date, then tested for viral RNA. Nine RNA-positive pools of and sixteen RNA-positive pools of were detected. Infectious virus was detected by cytopathic effect in 96% of the RNA-positive pools. This is the first report of VSNJV in wild-caught , , , , , and The vector competency of these species for VSNJV has yet to be determined but warrants examination. Active vector surveillance and testing during disease outbreaks increases our understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of VS and informs vector control efforts.
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Publication Date: 2024-09-07 PubMed ID: 39339904PubMed Central: PMC11437509DOI: 10.3390/v16091428Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • U.S. Gov't
  • Non-P.H.S.

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSNJV) was detected in biting midges and black flies collected during the 2023 outbreak in Southern California, suggesting these insects may play a role in transmitting the disease among livestock and wildlife.

Background of the Study

  • Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is a viral disease affecting animals such as horses, cattle, and swine.
  • The virus can be transmitted through direct contact and by hematophagous (blood-feeding) insects.
  • In 2023, a multi-state outbreak of the New Jersey strain of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSNJV) occurred in California, Nevada, and Texas.
  • This outbreak infected various animals including horses, cattle, and even rhinoceros.

Objective and Methods

  • The study aimed to identify possible insect vectors involved in VSNJV transmission during the 2023 outbreak in Southern California.
  • Insect surveillance was conducted in San Diego County, CA, including a wildlife park, using CO2-baited traps.
  • Trapping took place from mid-May to mid-August 2023.
  • Collected insects included 2,357 biting midges and 1,215 black flies, both genera previously implicated in transmitting VSNJV.
  • Insects were pooled by species, location, and collection date before testing for viral RNA.

Key Findings

  • Nine pools of biting midges and sixteen pools of black flies tested positive for VSNJV RNA, indicating virus presence.
  • Infectious virus was confirmed in 96% of these RNA-positive pools through observing cytopathic effects in cell cultures.
  • This represents the first detection of VSNJV in several species of wild-caught biting midges and black flies in this region.

Significance and Implications

  • The detection of VSNJV in these insect species suggests they could be important vectors in spreading vesicular stomatitis during outbreaks.
  • However, the actual vector competency (ability to acquire, maintain, and transmit the virus) of these insect species for VSNJV is still unknown and requires further study.
  • Active surveillance and testing of insect vectors during outbreaks help improve understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of VS.
  • This knowledge can inform and enhance vector control strategies to mitigate the spread of vesicular stomatitis in livestock and wildlife populations.

Cite This Article

APA
Scroggs SLP, Swanson DA, Steele TD, Hudson AR, Reister-Hendricks LM, Gutierrez J, Shults P, McGregor BL, Taylor CE, Davis TM, Lamberski N, Phair KA, Howard LL, McConnell NE, Gurfield N, Drolet BS, Pelzel-McCluskey AM, Cohnstaedt LW. (2024). Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Detected in Biting Midges and Black Flies during the 2023 Outbreak in Southern California. Viruses, 16(9), 1428. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091428

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 16
Issue: 9
PII: 1428

Researcher Affiliations

Scroggs, Stacey L P
  • Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
Swanson, Dustin A
  • Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
Steele, Taylor D
  • Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
Hudson, Amy R
  • Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
Reister-Hendricks, Lindsey M
  • Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
Gutierrez, Jessica
  • Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
Shults, Phillip
  • Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
McGregor, Bethany L
  • Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
Taylor, Caitlin E
  • Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
Davis, Travis M
  • Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
Lamberski, Nadine
  • San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Safari Park, Escondido, CA 92027, USA.
Phair, Kristen A
  • San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Safari Park, Escondido, CA 92027, USA.
Howard, Lauren L
  • San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Safari Park, Escondido, CA 92027, USA.
  • Peel Therapeutics, Salt Lake City, UT 84101, USA.
McConnell, Nathan E
  • San Diego County Vector Control, San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
Gurfield, Nikos
  • San Diego County Vector Control, San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
Drolet, Barbara S
  • Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
Pelzel-McCluskey, Angela M
  • Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA.
Cohnstaedt, Lee W
  • Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • California / epidemiology
  • Ceratopogonidae / virology
  • Simuliidae / virology
  • Disease Outbreaks
  • Insect Vectors / virology
  • Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus / genetics
  • Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus / isolation & purification
  • Vesicular Stomatitis / virology
  • Vesicular Stomatitis / epidemiology
  • Cattle
  • Horses
  • RNA, Viral / genetics

Grant Funding

  • NP-103 Animal Health National Program Projects 3020-32000-19-00D and 3022-32000-062-000D / USDA

Conflict of Interest Statement

Lauren L. Howard was employed by Peel Therapeutics. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Citations

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