FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2024; 14(8); 1179; doi: 10.3390/ani14081179

Video Ethogram of Equine Social Behaviour.

Abstract: Equine social behaviour studies face challenges stemming from the absence of a comprehensive ethogram with unequivocal standardised definitions and the resulting limits to data comparison across studies. To address these constraints, this ethogram offers researchers a standardised framework, defining thirty-seven distinct equine social behaviours supplemented by video examples for enhanced clarity. These definitions amalgamate insights from existing ethograms and are fine-tuned through meticulous video observations, encompassing contextual cues such as distinguishing between aggressive and playful circling based on ear position and facial expressions and communicative nuances to provide a detailed representation of equine social behaviours. Video recordings complement the standardised definitions by capturing the dynamic flow and sequence of social interactions. By providing a dynamic and detailed representation, videos allow researchers to observe the temporal aspects of behaviour, including the sequence, duration, and rhythm of interactions. These detailed data are crucial for interpreting social behaviours and unravelling the complexities of equine societies. Standardized and video-illustrated definitions of equine social behaviour facilitate clear and consistent communication between researchers, enabling cross-study comparisons regarding the impact of husbandry practices and health conditions on equine social behaviour, which, in turn, can facilitate the assessment and optimisation of management practices and equine welfare.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2024-04-14 PubMed ID: 38672327PubMed Central: PMC11047489DOI: 10.3390/ani14081179Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article presents a standardised ethogram – a catalogue of distinct behaviours – for observing and defining equine social behaviour. The ethogram, which includes 37 distinct behaviours and is supplemented with video examples, will assist researchers in their studies and allow for more consistent and accurate comparisons of data across studies.

Challenges in Studying Equine Social Behaviour

  • According to the article, the study of equine social behaviour faces various challenges. The most significant of these is the lack of a comprehensive ethogram, which provides unequivocal standardised definitions of behaviours.
  • This obstacle presents difficulties for researchers when they attempt to compare data from different studies, as variances in the definition and interpretation of behaviours can lead to inaccuracies or misunderstandings.

Solution Provided by the Ethogram

  • To address these limitations, the researchers developed a standardised ethogram that defines 37 distinct equine social behaviours. These definitions were informed by existing ethograms and were adjusted based on careful observation of video footage.
  • The ethogram pays particular attention to contextual cues such as ear position and facial expressions, which can help to distinguish between behaviours that might appear similar on first glance, such as aggressive and playful circling.

Role of Video Recordings in Defining Behaviours

  • In addition to the written descriptions, video examples accompany each defined behaviour. These videos capture the progression and sequence of social interactions, allowing researchers to observe temporal aspects of behaviour such as the sequence, duration, and rhythm of interactions.
  • This multimedia approach is crucial in providing a detailed representation of equine social behaviours and unraveling the complexities of equine societies.

Applications and Implications of the Ethogram

  • The ethogram serves as a useful tool for researchers studying equine social behaviour and facilitates clear and consistent communication between researchers.
  • By standardising definitions of equine behaviour, researchers are better able to compare data across different studies. This could have important implications for assessing the impact of husbandry practices and health conditions on equine social behaviour.
  • The findings from these cross-study comparisons can in turn be utilised for assessing and optimising management practices and equine welfare.

Cite This Article

APA
Torres Borda L, Kelemen Z, Auer U, Jenner F. (2024). Video Ethogram of Equine Social Behaviour. Animals (Basel), 14(8), 1179. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14081179

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 8
PII: 1179

Researcher Affiliations

Torres Borda, Laura
  • Equine Surgery Unit, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
Kelemen, Zsofia
  • Equine Surgery Unit, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
Auer, Ulrike
  • Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive Care Medicine Unit, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
Jenner, Florien
  • Equine Surgery Unit, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.

Grant Funding

  • NA / Sandgrueb-Stiftung
  • NA / Gut Aiderbichl

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 80 references
  1. Feist JD, McCullough DR. Behavior Patterns and Communication in Feral Horses. Z. Tierpsychol. 1976;41:337–371.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1976.tb00947.xpubmed: 983427google scholar: lookup
  2. Kaseda Y, Ogawa H, Khalil AM. Causes of Natal Dispersal and Emigration and Their Effects on Harem Formation in Misaki Feral Horses. Equine Vet. J. 1997;29:262–266.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1997.tb03121.xpubmed: 15338905google scholar: lookup
  3. Kaseda Y, Khalil AM, Ogawa H. Harem Stability and Reproductive Success of Misaki Feral Mares. Equine Vet. J. 1995;27:368–372.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1995.tb04072.xpubmed: 8654352google scholar: lookup
  4. Salter RE, Hudson RJ. Social Organization of Feral Horses in Western Canada. Appl. Anim. Ethol. 1982;8:207–223.
    doi: 10.1016/0304-3762(82)90205-Xgoogle scholar: lookup
  5. Glade MJ. “Social Sleeping” among Confined Horses. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 1986;6:156–157.
    doi: 10.1016/S0737-0806(86)80067-3google scholar: lookup
  6. Pollock J. Welfare Lessons of Equine Social Behaviour. Equine Vet. J. 1987;19:86–89.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1987.tb02592.xpubmed: 3569204google scholar: lookup
  7. Christensen JW, Zharkikh T, Ladewig J, Yasinetskaya N. Social Behaviour in Stallion Groups (Equus przewalskii and Equus caballus) Kept under Natural and Domestic Conditions. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2002;76:11–20.
    doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(01)00208-8google scholar: lookup
  8. Christensen JW, Ladewig J, Søndergaard E, Malmkvist J. Effects of Individual versus Group Stabling on Social Behaviour in Domestic Stallions. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2002;75:233–248.
    doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(01)00196-4google scholar: lookup
  9. Heitor F, Oom MdM, Vicente L. Social Relationships in a Herd of Sorraia Horses Part I. Correlates of Social Dominance and Contexts of Aggression. Behav. Process. 2006;73:170–177.
    doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2006.05.004pubmed: 16815645google scholar: lookup
  10. Maeda T, Ochi S, Ringhofer M, Sosa S, Sueur C, Hirata S, Yamamoto S. Aerial Drone Observations Identified a Multilevel Society in Feral Horses. Sci. Rep. 2021;11:71.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-79790-1pmc: PMC7794487pubmed: 33420148google scholar: lookup
  11. Mendonça RS, Pinto P, Maeda T, Inoue S, Ringhofer M, Yamamoto S, Hirata S. Population Characteristics of Feral Horses Impacted by Anthropogenic Factors and Their Management Implications. Front. Ecol. Evol. 2022;10:848741.
    doi: 10.3389/fevo.2022.848741google scholar: lookup
  12. Berger J. Organizational Systems and Dominance in Feral Horses in the Grand Canyon. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 1977;2:131–146.
    doi: 10.1007/BF00361898google scholar: lookup
  13. Sigurjónsdóttir H, van Dierendonck M, Snorrason S, Thórhallsdóttir A. Social Relationships in a Group of Horses without a Mature Stallion. Behaviour. 2003;140:783–804.
    doi: 10.1163/156853903322370670google scholar: lookup
  14. Cameron EZ, Setsaas TH, Linklater WL. Social Bonds between Unrelated Females Increase Reproductive Success in Feral Horses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2009;106:13850–13853.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.0900639106pmc: PMC2728983pubmed: 19667179google scholar: lookup
  15. Granquist SM, Thorhallsdottir AG, Sigurjonsdottir H. The Effect of Stallions on Social Interactions in Domestic and Semi Feral Harems. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2012;141:49–56.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2012.07.001google scholar: lookup
  16. Kimura R. Mutual Grooming and Preferred Associate Relationships in a Band of Free-Ranging Horses. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 1998;59:265–276.
    doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00129-9google scholar: lookup
  17. Heitor F, Oom MdM, Vicente L. Social Relationships in a Herd of Sorraia Horses Part II. Factors Affecting Affiliative Relationships and Sexual Behaviours. Behav. Process. 2006;73:231–239.
    doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2006.05.005pubmed: 16828984google scholar: lookup
  18. Krueger K, Heinze J. Horse Sense: Social Status of Horses (Equus caballus) Affects Their Likelihood of Copying Other Horses’ Behavior. Anim. Cogn. 2008;11:431–439.
    doi: 10.1007/s10071-007-0133-0pubmed: 18183432google scholar: lookup
  19. Lemasson A, Boutin A, Boivin S, Blois-Heulin C, Hausberger M. Horse (Equus caballus) Whinnies: A Source of Social Information. Anim. Cogn. 2009;12:693–704.
    doi: 10.1007/s10071-009-0229-9pubmed: 19449192google scholar: lookup
  20. Krueger K, Flauger B. Olfactory Recognition of Individual Competitors by Means of Faeces in Horse (Equus caballus). Anim. Cogn. 2011;14:245–257.
    doi: 10.1007/s10071-010-0358-1pubmed: 21132447google scholar: lookup
  21. Proops L, McComb K, Reby D. Cross-Modal Individual Recognition in Domestic Horses (Equus caballus). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2009;106:947–951.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.0809127105pmc: PMC2630083pubmed: 19075246google scholar: lookup
  22. Murray LMA, Byrne K, D’Eath RB. Pair-Bonding and Companion Recognition in Domestic Donkeys, Equus asinus. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2013;143:67–74.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2012.11.005google scholar: lookup
  23. Péron F, Ward R, Burman O. Horses (Equus caballus) Discriminate Body Odour Cues from Conspecifics. Anim. Cogn. 2014;17:1007–1011.
    doi: 10.1007/s10071-013-0717-9pubmed: 24305997google scholar: lookup
  24. Nawroth C, Langbein J, Coulon M, Gabor V, Oesterwind S, Benz-Schwarzburg J, Borell Evon. Farm Animal Cognition—Linking Behavior, Welfare and Ethics. Front. Vet. Sci. 2019;6:24.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00024pmc: PMC6383588pubmed: 30838218google scholar: lookup
  25. Boyd L, Keiper R. The Domestic Horse: The Origins, Development and Management of Its Behaviour. Cambridge University Press; Cambridge, UK: 2005. Behavioural Ecology of Feral Horses.
  26. Schneider G, Krueger K. Third-Party Interventions Keep Social Partners from Exchanging Affiliative Interactions with Others. Anim. Behav. 2012;83:377–387.
    doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.11.007google scholar: lookup
  27. Krueger K, Flauger B, Farmer K, Hemelrijk C. Movement Initiation in Groups of Feral Horses. Behav. Process. 2014;103:91–101.
    doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2013.10.007pubmed: 24220794google scholar: lookup
  28. Krueger K, Schneider G, Flauger B, Heinze J. Context-Dependent Third-Party Intervention in Agonistic Encounters of Male Przewalski Horses. Behav. Process. 2015;121:54–62.
    doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2015.10.009pubmed: 26478251google scholar: lookup
  29. Lansade L, Lévy F, Parias C, Reigner F, Górecka-Bruzda A. Weaned Horses, Especially Females, Still Prefer Their Dam after Five Months of Separation. Animal. 2022;16:100636.
    doi: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100636pubmed: 36183430google scholar: lookup
  30. Ellard M-E, Crowell-Davis SL. Evaluating Equine Dominance in Draft Mares. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 1989;24:55–75.
    doi: 10.1016/0168-1591(89)90125-1google scholar: lookup
  31. Costa H, Fragoso S, Heitor F. The Relevance of Affiliative Relationships in Horses: Review and Future Directions. Pet. Behav. Sci. 2019;0:11–26.
    doi: 10.21071/pbs.v0i8.11463google scholar: lookup
  32. Mendonça RS, Pinto P, Inoue S, Ringhofer M, Godinho R, Hirata S. Social Determinants of Affiliation and Cohesion in a Population of Feral Horses. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2021;245:105496.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105496google scholar: lookup
  33. Shimada M, Suzuki N. The Contribution of Mutual Grooming to Affiliative Relationships in a Feral Misaki Horse Herd. Animals. 2020;10:1564.
    doi: 10.3390/ani10091564pmc: PMC7552250pubmed: 32899116google scholar: lookup
  34. Jørgensen GHM, Borsheim L, Mejdell CM, Søndergaard E, Bøe KE. Grouping Horses According to Gender—Effects on Aggression, Spacing and Injuries. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2009;120:94–99.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2009.05.005google scholar: lookup
  35. Freymond SB, Briefer EF, Niederhäusern RV, Bachmann I. Pattern of Social Interactions after Group Integration: A Possibility to Keep Stallions in Group. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e54688.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054688pmc: PMC3559779pubmed: 23382940google scholar: lookup
  36. Fureix C, Bourjade M, Henry S, Sankey C, Hausberger M. Exploring Aggression Regulation in Managed Groups of Horses Equus caballus. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2012;138:216–228.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2012.02.009google scholar: lookup
  37. Sigurjónsdóttir H, Haraldsson H. Significance of Group Composition for the Welfare of Pastured Horses. Animals. 2019;9:14.
    doi: 10.3390/ani9010014pmc: PMC6356279pubmed: 30621272google scholar: lookup
  38. Wolter R, Stefanski V, Krueger K. Parameters for the Analysis of Social Bonds in Horses. Animals. 2018;8:191.
    doi: 10.3390/ani8110191pmc: PMC6262610pubmed: 30373257google scholar: lookup
  39. Christensen JW, Søndergaard E, Thodberg K, Halekoh U. Effects of Repeated Regrouping on Horse Behaviour and Injuries. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2011;133:199–206.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2011.05.013google scholar: lookup
  40. Flauger B, Krueger K. Aggression Level and Enclosure Size in Horses (Equus caballus). Pferdeheilkunde Equine Med. 2013;29:495–504.
    doi: 10.21836/PEM20130404google scholar: lookup
  41. Zharkikh TL, Andersen L. Behaviour of Bachelor Males of the Przewalski Horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) at the Reserve Askania Nova. Der Zool. Gart. 2009;78:282–299.
    doi: 10.1016/j.zoolgart.2009.10.005google scholar: lookup
  42. Górecka-Bruzda A, Fureix C, Ouvrard A, Bourjade M, Hausberger M. Investigating Determinants of Yawning in the Domestic (Equus caballus) and Przewalski (Equus ferus przewalskii) Horses. Sci. Nat. 2016;103:72.
    doi: 10.1007/s00114-016-1395-7pmc: PMC4992016pubmed: 27542092google scholar: lookup
  43. Majecka K, Klawe A. Influence of Paddock Size on Social Relationships in Domestic Horses. J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci. 2018;21:8–16.
    doi: 10.1080/10888705.2017.1360773pubmed: 28820613google scholar: lookup
  44. McDonnell SM, Haviland JCS. Agonistic Ethogram of the Equid Bachelor Band. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 1995;43:147–188.
    doi: 10.1016/0168-1591(94)00550-Xgoogle scholar: lookup
  45. Wells SM, Goldschmidt-Rothschild B. Social Behaviour and Relationships in a Herd of Camargue Horses. Z. Tierpsychol. 1979;49:363–380.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00299.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  46. Heitor F, Vicente L. Affiliative Relationships among Sorraia Mares: Influence of Age, Dominance, Kinship and Reproductive State. J. Ethol. 2010;28:133–140.
    doi: 10.1007/s10164-009-0165-9google scholar: lookup
  47. Keiper R, Receveur H. Social Interactions of Free-Ranging Przewalski Horses in Semi-Reserves in the Netherlands. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 1992;33:303–318.
    doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(05)80068-1google scholar: lookup
  48. Pierard M, McGreevy P, Geers R. Effect of Density and Relative Aggressiveness on Agonistic and Affiliative Interactions in a Newly Formed Group of Horses. J. Vet. Behav. 2019;29:61–69.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2018.03.008google scholar: lookup
  49. Feh C. Social Behaviour and Relationships of Prezewalski Horses in Dutch Semi-Reserves. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 1988;21:71–87.
    doi: 10.1016/0168-1591(88)90101-3google scholar: lookup
  50. Arnold GW, Grassia A. Ethogram of Agonistic Behaviour for Thoroughbred Horses. Appl. Anim. Ethol. 1982;8:5–25.
    doi: 10.1016/0304-3762(82)90129-8google scholar: lookup
  51. Wood-Gush DGM, Galbraith F. Social Relationships in a Herd of 11 Geldings and Two Female Ponies. Equine Vet. J. 1987;19:129–132.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1987.tb02607.xpubmed: 3569194google scholar: lookup
  52. Kolter L, Zimmermann W. Social Behaviour of Przewalski Horses (Equus p. Przewalskii) in the Cologne Zoo and Its Consequences for Management and Housing. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 1988;21:117–145.
    doi: 10.1016/0168-1591(88)90104-9google scholar: lookup
  53. Keiper RR. Social Interactions of the Przewalski Horse (Equus przewalskii Poliakov, 1881) Herd at the Munich Zoo. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 1988;21:89–97.
    doi: 10.1016/0168-1591(88)90102-5google scholar: lookup
  54. Borda LT, Auer U, Jenner F. Equine Social Behaviour: Love, War and Tolerance. Animals. 2023;13:1473.
    doi: 10.3390/ani13091473pmc: PMC10177386pubmed: 37174510google scholar: lookup
  55. Hartmann E, Søndergaard E, Keeling LJ. Keeping Horses in Groups: A Review. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2012;136:77–87.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2011.10.004google scholar: lookup
  56. Hartmann E, Christensen JW, Keeling LJ. Social Interactions of Unfamiliar Horses during Paired Encounters: Effect of Pre-Exposure on Aggression Level and so Risk of Injury. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2009;121:214–221.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2009.10.004google scholar: lookup
  57. VanDierendonck MC, Spruijt BM. Coping in Groups of Domestic Horses—Review from a Social and Neurobiological Perspective. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2012;138:194–202.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2012.02.007google scholar: lookup
  58. McGreevy PD, Cripps PJ, French NP, Green LE, Nicol CJ. Management Factors Associated with Stereotypic and Redirected Behaviour in the Thoroughbred Horse. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 1995;44:270–271.
    doi: 10.1016/0168-1591(95)92358-Zpubmed: 7607155google scholar: lookup
  59. Bourjade M, Moulinot M, Henry S, Richard-Yris M, Hausberger M. Could Adults Be Used to Improve Social Skills of Young Horses, Equus caballus?. Dev. Psychobiol. 2008;50:408–417.
    doi: 10.1002/dev.20301pubmed: 18393282google scholar: lookup
  60. Lee VE, Arnott G, Turner SP. Social Behavior in Farm Animals: Applying Fundamental Theory to Improve Animal Welfare. Front. Vet. Sci. 2022;9:932217.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.932217pmc: PMC9411962pubmed: 36032304google scholar: lookup
  61. Yarnell K, Hall C, Royle C, Walker SL. Domesticated Horses Differ in Their Behavioural and Physiological Responses to Isolated and Group Housing. Physiol. Behav. 2015;143:51–57.
    doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.02.040pubmed: 25725117google scholar: lookup
  62. Marliani G, Sprocatti I, Schiavoni G, Bellodi A, Accorsi PA. Evaluation of Horses’ Daytime Activity Budget in a Model of Ethological Stable: A Case Study in Italy. J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci. 2021;24:200–213.
    doi: 10.1080/10888705.2020.1857252pubmed: 33353417google scholar: lookup
  63. Schmucker S, Preisler V, Marr I, Krüger K, Stefanski V. Single Housing but Not Changes in Group Composition Causes Stress-Related Immunomodulations in Horses. PLoS ONE. 2022;17:e0272445.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272445pmc: PMC9385002pubmed: 35976860google scholar: lookup
  64. McAfee LM, Mills DS, Cooper JJ. The Use of Mirrors for the Control of Stereotypic Weaving Behaviour in the Stabled Horse. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2002;78:159–173.
    doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(02)00086-2google scholar: lookup
  65. Søndergaard E, Jensen MB, Nicol CJ. Motivation for Social Contact in Horses Measured by Operant Conditioning. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2011;132:131–137.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2011.04.007google scholar: lookup
  66. Waters AJ, Nicol CJ, French NP. Factors Influencing the Development of Stereotypic and Redirected Behaviours in Young Horses: Findings of a Four Year Prospective Epidemiological Study. Equine Vet. J. 2002;34:572–579.
    doi: 10.2746/042516402776180241pubmed: 12357996google scholar: lookup
  67. Lesimple C, Poissonnet A, Hausberger M. How to Keep Your Horse Safe? An Epidemiological Study about Management Practices. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2016;181:105–114.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2016.04.015google scholar: lookup
  68. Nagy K, Schrott A, Kabai P. Possible Influence of Neighbours on Stereotypic Behaviour in Horses. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2008;111:321–328.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2007.06.006google scholar: lookup
  69. Nicol C. Understanding Equine Stereotypies. Equine Vet. J. 1999;31:20–25.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05151.xpubmed: 11314230google scholar: lookup
  70. Hothersall B, Casey R. Undesired Behaviour in Horses: A Review of Their Development, Prevention, Management and Association with Welfare. Equine Vet. Educ. 2012;24:479–485.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2011.00296.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  71. Heleski CR, Shelle AC, Nielsen BD, Zanella AJ. Influence of Housing on Weanling Horse Behavior and Subsequent Welfare. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2002;78:291–302.
    doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(02)00108-9google scholar: lookup
  72. Jørgensen GHM, Bøe KE. A Note on the Effect of Daily Exercise and Paddock Size on the Behaviour of Domestic Horses (Equus caballus). Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2007;107:166–173.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.09.025google scholar: lookup
  73. Jørgensen GHM, Liestøl SH-O, Bøe KE. Effects of Enrichment Items on Activity and Social Interactions in Domestic Horses (Equus caballus). Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2011;129:100–110.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2010.11.004google scholar: lookup
  74. Visser EK, Ellis AD, Reenen CGV. The Effect of Two Different Housing Conditions on the Welfare of Young Horses Stabled for the First Time. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2008;114:521–533.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2008.03.003google scholar: lookup
  75. McDonnell S. The Equid Ethogram. A Practical Field Guide to Horse Behavior. The Blood-Horse, Inc.; Lexington, KY, USA: 2003.
  76. McDonnell SM, Poulin A. Equid Play Ethogram. Appl Anim Behav Sci. 2002;78:263–290.
    doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(02)00112-0google scholar: lookup
  77. Torcivia C, McDonnell S. Equine Discomfort Ethogram. Animals. 2021;11:580.
    doi: 10.3390/ani11020580pmc: PMC7931104pubmed: 33672338google scholar: lookup
  78. Ransom J, Cade B. Quantifying Equid Behavior: A Research Ethogram for Free-Roaming Feral Horses. US Geological Survey; Reston, VA, USA: 2019. USGS professional paper Techniques and Methods Report.
  79. Campbell C. Master’s Thesis. Texas A&M University; College Station, TX, USA: 2011. Comprehensive Video Ethogram on Beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) Behavior.
  80. Coelho FEA, Bruinj AC, Costa GC. Ethogram With the Description of a New Behavioral Display for the Striped Lava Lizard, Tropidurus Semitaeniatus. S. Am. J. Herpetol. 2018;13:96–101.
    doi: 10.2994/SAJH-D-17-00101.1google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
  1. Torres Borda L, Auer U, Jenner F. The role of space availability and affiliation in shaping equine social distances and dynamics. Sci Rep 2025 Mar 25;15(1):10273.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-92943-4pubmed: 40133443google scholar: lookup
  2. Jastrzębska E, Siemieniuch M, Bizio A, Pietruszka J, Górecka-Bruzda A. Are Users Good Assessors of Social Dominance in Domestic Horses?. Animals (Basel) 2024 Jul 7;14(13).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14131999pubmed: 38998111google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,727 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.