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BMC evolutionary biology2011; 11; 328; doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-328

Whole mitochondrial genome sequencing of domestic horses reveals incorporation of extensive wild horse diversity during domestication.

Abstract: DNA target enrichment by micro-array capture combined with high throughput sequencing technologies provides the possibility to obtain large amounts of sequence data (e.g. whole mitochondrial DNA genomes) from multiple individuals at relatively low costs. Previously, whole mitochondrial genome data for domestic horses (Equus caballus) were limited to only a few specimens and only short parts of the mtDNA genome (especially the hypervariable region) were investigated for larger sample sets. Results: In this study we investigated whole mitochondrial genomes of 59 domestic horses from 44 breeds and a single Przewalski horse (Equus przewalski) using a recently described multiplex micro-array capture approach. We found 473 variable positions within the domestic horses, 292 of which are parsimony-informative, providing a well resolved phylogenetic tree. Our divergence time estimate suggests that the mitochondrial genomes of modern horse breeds shared a common ancestor around 93,000 years ago and no later than 38,000 years ago. A Bayesian skyline plot (BSP) reveals a significant population expansion beginning 6,000-8,000 years ago with an ongoing exponential growth until the present, similar to other domestic animal species. Our data further suggest that a large sample of wild horse diversity was incorporated into the domestic population; specifically, at least 46 of the mtDNA lineages observed in domestic horses (73%) already existed before the beginning of domestication about 5,000 years ago. Conclusions: Our study provides a window into the maternal origins of extant domestic horses and confirms that modern domestic breeds present a wide sample of the mtDNA diversity found in ancestral, now extinct, wild horse populations. The data obtained allow us to detect a population expansion event coinciding with the beginning of domestication and to estimate both the minimum number of female horses incorporated into the domestic gene pool and the time depth of the domestic horse mtDNA gene pool.
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Publication Date: 2011-11-14 PubMed ID: 22082251PubMed Central: PMC3247663DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-328Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study leverages improved DNA sequencing technology to explore the whole mitochondrial genome of domestic horses, revealing significant diversity that originated from wild horses. The research helps illuminate the history of horse domestication, indicating the extensive incorporation of wild horse genetic variety during the domestication process and suggesting a population expansion event that coincided with the beginning of domestication.

Study Design and Techniques

  • The researchers utilized a method known as micro-array capture along with high throughput sequencing technologies to obtain large amounts of sequence data from whole mitochondrial DNA genomes. This is a significant upgrade from previous studies that were restricted to short parts of the mitochondrial DNA genome or small specimen sizes.
  • A total of 59 domestic horses from 44 breeds, along with a single Przewalski horse (a wild species), were included in this study.

Findings

  • The study identified 473 variable positions within the domestic horses’ mitochondrial genomes, 292 of which proved to be parsimony-informative, enabling the creation of a well-resolved evolutionary tree.
  • The researchers’ divergence time estimate suggests that the mitochondrial genomes of today’s horse breeds shared a common ancestor approximately 93,000 to 38,000 years ago.
  • A Bayesian skyline plot, a graphical representation of population changes over time, indicated a notable population expansion beginning 6,000-8,000 years ago. This expansion appears to continue exponentially until the present, aligning with trends observed in other domesticated animal species.
  • Additionally, the data infers that a broad sample of wild horse diversity was absorbed into the domestic population. At least 46 of the mitochondrial DNA lineages (73%) observed in domestic horses were present before the commencement of domestication around 5,000 years ago.

Conclusions

  • The research offers insights into the maternal origins of current domestic horses, confirming that contemporary domestic breeds represent a broad spectrum of the mtDNA diversity found in the now-extinct ancestral wild horse populations.
  • The obtained data enabled the researchers to detect a population expansion event that aligns with the start of horse domestication.
  • Moreover, the study helps estimate both the minimum number of female horses integrated into the domestic gene pool and the time depth of the domestic horse mitochondrial DNA gene pool.

Cite This Article

APA
Lippold S, Matzke NJ, Reissmann M, Hofreiter M. (2011). Whole mitochondrial genome sequencing of domestic horses reveals incorporation of extensive wild horse diversity during domestication. BMC Evol Biol, 11, 328. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-11-328

Publication

BMC evolutionary biology
ISSN: 1471-2148
NlmUniqueID: 100966975
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 11
Pages: 328

Researcher Affiliations

Lippold, Sebastian
  • Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. sebastian_lippold@eva.mpg.de
Matzke, Nicholas J
    Reissmann, Monika
      Hofreiter, Michael

        MeSH Terms

        • Animals
        • Animals, Wild / genetics
        • Bayes Theorem
        • Biological Evolution
        • DNA, Mitochondrial / genetics
        • Female
        • Genome, Mitochondrial
        • Horses / genetics
        • Mitochondria / genetics
        • Phylogeny

        Grant Funding

        • R01 GM069801 / NIGMS NIH HHS

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