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Home / Equine Research Bank / Nature / Widespread horse-based mobility arose around 2200 BCE in Eur...
Nature2024; 631(8022); 819-825; doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-07597-5

Widespread horse-based mobility arose around 2200 BCE in Eurasia.

Abstract: Horses revolutionized human history with fast mobility. However, the timeline between their domestication and their widespread integration as a means of transport remains contentious. Here we assemble a collection of 475 ancient horse genomes to assess the period when these animals were first reshaped by human agency in Eurasia. We find that reproductive control of the modern domestic lineage emerged around 2200 BCE, through close-kin mating and shortened generation times. Reproductive control emerged following a severe domestication bottleneck starting no earlier than approximately 2700 BCE, and coincided with a sudden expansion across Eurasia that ultimately resulted in the replacement of nearly every local horse lineage. This expansion marked the rise of widespread horse-based mobility in human history, which refutes the commonly held narrative of large horse herds accompanying the massive migration of steppe peoples across Europe around 3000 BCE and earlier. Finally, we detect significantly shortened generation times at Botai around 3500 BCE, a settlement from central Asia associated with corrals and a subsistence economy centred on horses. This supports local horse husbandry before the rise of modern domestic bloodlines.
© 2024. The Author(s).
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Publication Date: 2024-06-06 PubMed ID: 38843826PubMed Central: PMC11269178DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07597-5Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study investigates when horses became widely used for transportation in Eurasia by analyzing 475 ancient horse genomes.
  • The research finds that controlled breeding of modern domestic horses began around 2200 BCE, leading to rapid expansion and replacement of local horse populations across Eurasia.

Detailed Explanation

Background and Research Question

  • Horses greatly influenced human history by enabling fast mobility, but the exact timeline from horse domestication to widespread use as transport is debated.
  • The authors aim to clarify when horses were first effectively controlled and bred by humans to function as transport animals across Eurasia.
  • They focus on genetic evidence using a large dataset of 475 ancient horse genomes spanning several millennia.

Methodology

  • Collected and analyzed 475 ancient horse genome sequences from various Eurasian archaeological sites.
  • Genetic markers related to reproduction, generation times, and lineage were assessed to detect signs of human-mediated breeding control.
  • Looked for evidence of population bottlenecks, reproductive strategies like close-kin mating, and expansion events affecting horse populations.

Key Findings

  • A severe domestication bottleneck in horse populations is detected, starting no earlier than about 2700 BCE.
  • Around 2200 BCE, evidence emerges of reproductive control in horses exemplified by:
    • Close-kin mating practices, implying deliberate selective breeding by humans.
    • Shortened generation times, showing accelerated breeding cycles likely engineered to enhance desired traits.
  • This reproductive control coincides with a rapid and expansive spread of the modern domestic horse lineage across Eurasia.
  • The expansion results in near-total replacement of local wild horse genetic lineages by the domestic lineage.
  • This widespread horse-based mobility starting around 2200 BCE marks a transformative event in human history.

Implications and Revisions to Existing Narratives

  • The findings contradict previous views that large horse herds facilitating human migrations existed as early as around 3000 BCE or earlier across Europe.
  • The study suggests that horse-based mobility became widespread significantly later, around 2200 BCE, after intensified human breeding control.
  • This implies that the cultural and societal shifts related to horse transport arose concurrently with deliberate animal husbandry practices rather than earlier wild horse exploitation.

Additional Findings: Botai Site

  • The study notes significantly shortened generation times at the Botai archaeological site around 3500 BCE in central Asia.
  • Botai is associated with horse corrals and a subsistence economy heavily reliant on horses.
  • This evidence supports the idea that local horse husbandry and possibly early domestication efforts existed before the emergence of modern domesticated horse bloodlines.

Summary

  • Widespread use of horses for transportation across Eurasia developed around 2200 BCE after humans gained reproductive control through selective breeding.
  • This change followed a domestication bottleneck about 2700 BCE and resulted in the replacement of native horse populations by the modern domestic lineage.
  • Early horse husbandry practices occurred earlier at places like Botai but did not immediately lead to the widespread horse mobility recognized later.

Cite This Article

APA
Librado P, Tressières G, Chauvey L, Fages A, Khan N, Schiavinato S, Calvière-Tonasso L, Kusliy MA, Gaunitz C, Liu X, Wagner S, Der Sarkissian C, Seguin-Orlando A, Perdereau A, Aury JM, Southon J, Shapiro B, Bouchez O, Donnadieu C, Collin YRH, Gregersen KM, Jessen MD, Christensen K, Claudi-Hansen L, Pruvost M, Pucher E, Vulic H, Novak M, Rimpf A, Turk P, Reiter S, Brem G, Schwall C, Barrey É, Robert C, Degueurce C, Horwitz LK, Klassen L, Rasmussen U, Kveiborg J, Johannsen NN, Makowiecki D, Makarowicz P, Szeliga M, Ilchyshyn V, Rud V, Romaniszyn J, Mullin VE, Verdugo M, Bradley DG, Cardoso JL, Valente MJ, Telles Antunes M, Ameen C, Thomas R, Ludwig A, Marzullo M, Prato O, Bagnasco Gianni G, Tecchiati U, Granado J, Schlumbaum A, Deschler-Erb S, Mráz MS, Boulbes N, Gardeisen A, Mayer C, Döhle HJ, Vicze M, Kosintsev PA, Kyselý R, Peške L, O'Connor T, Ananyevskaya E, Shevnina I, Logvin A, Kovalev AA, Iderkhangai TO, Sablin MV, Dashkovskiy PK, Graphodatsky AS, Merts I, Merts V, Kasparov AK, Pitulko VV, Onar V, Öztan A, Arbuckle BS, McColl H, Renaud G, Khaskhanov R, Demidenko S, Kadieva A, Atabiev B, Sundqvist M, Lindgren G, López-Cachero FJ, Albizuri S, Trbojević Vukičević T, Rapan Papeša A, Burić M, Rajić Šikanjić P, Weinstock J, Asensio Vilaró D, Codina F, García Dalmau C, Morer de Llorens J, Pou J, de Prado G, Sanmartí J, Kallala N, Torres JR, Maraoui-Telmini B, Belarte Franco MC, Valenzuela-Lamas S, Zazzo A, Lepetz S, Duchesne S, Alexeev A, Bayarsaikhan J, Houle JL, Bayarkhuu N, Turbat T, Crubézy É, Shingiray I, Mashkour M, Berezina NY, Korobov DS, Belinskiy A, Kalmykov A, Demoule JP, Reinhold S, Hansen S, Wallner B, Roslyakova N, Kuznetsov PF, Tishkin AA, Wincker P, Kanne K, Outram A, Orlando L. (2024). Widespread horse-based mobility arose around 2200 BCE in Eurasia. Nature, 631(8022), 819-825. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07597-5

Publication

Nature
ISSN: 1476-4687
NlmUniqueID: 0410462
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 631
Issue: 8022
Pages: 819-825

Researcher Affiliations

Librado, Pablo
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France. pablo.librado@ibe.upf-csic.es.
  • Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC - Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain. pablo.librado@ibe.upf-csic.es.
Tressières, Gaetan
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France.
Chauvey, Lorelei
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France.
Fages, Antoine
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France.
  • Zoological institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Khan, Naveed
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France.
  • Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan.
Schiavinato, Stéphanie
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France.
Calvière-Tonasso, Laure
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France.
Kusliy, Mariya A
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France.
  • Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Novosibirsk, Russia.
Gaunitz, Charleen
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France.
  • Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Liu, Xuexue
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France.
Wagner, Stefanie
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France.
  • INRAE Division Ecology and Biodiversity (ECODIV), Plant Genomic Resources Center (CNRGV), Castanet Tolosan Cedex, France.
Der Sarkissian, Clio
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France.
Seguin-Orlando, Andaine
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France.
Perdereau, Aude
  • Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université d'Évry, Université Paris-Saclay, Évry, France.
Aury, Jean-Marc
  • Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université d'Évry, Université Paris-Saclay, Évry, France.
Southon, John
  • Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
Shapiro, Beth
  • Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
Bouchez, Olivier
  • INRAE, GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
Donnadieu, Cécile
  • INRAE, GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
Collin, Yvette Running Horse
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France.
  • Taku Skan Skan Wasakliyapi: Global Institute for Traditional Sciences, Rapid City, SD, USA.
Gregersen, Kristian M
  • The Royal Danish Academy, Institute of Conservation, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Jessen, Mads Dengsø
  • Department for Prehistory Middle Ages and Renaissance, National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
Christensen, Kirsten
  • Museum Vestsjælland, Holbæk, Denmark.
Claudi-Hansen, Lone
  • Museum Vestsjælland, Holbæk, Denmark.
Pruvost, Mélanie
  • UMR 5199 De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac Cédex, France.
Pucher, Erich
  • Museum of Natural History, Vienna, Austria.
Vulic, Hrvoje
  • Vinkovci Municipal Museum, Vinkovci, Croatia.
Novak, Mario
  • Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia.
Rimpf, Andrea
  • Ilok Town Museum, Ilok, Croatia.
Turk, Peter
  • Narodni muzej Slovenije, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Reiter, Simone
  • Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Brem, Gottfried
  • Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Schwall, Christoph
  • Leibniz-Zentrum für Archäologie (LEIZA), Mainz, Germany.
  • Department of Prehistory & Western Asian/Northeast African Archaeology, Austrian Archaeological Institute (OeAI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Vienna, Austria.
Barrey, Éric
  • Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE GABI UMR1313, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
Robert, Céline
  • Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE GABI UMR1313, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
  • Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France.
Degueurce, Christophe
  • Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France.
Horwitz, Liora Kolska
  • National Natural History Collections, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
Klassen, Lutz
  • Museum Østjylland, Grenaa, Denmark.
Rasmussen, Uffe
  • Department of Archaeology, Moesgaard Museum, Højbjerg, Denmark.
Kveiborg, Jacob
  • Department of Archaeological Science and Conservation, Moesgaard Museum, Højbjerg, Denmark.
Johannsen, Niels Nørkjær
  • Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, Aarhus University, Højbjerg, Denmark.
Makowiecki, Daniel
  • Institute of Archaeology, Faculty of History, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.
Makarowicz, Przemysław
  • Faculty of Archaeology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.
Szeliga, Marcin
  • Institute of Archaeology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
Ilchyshyn, Vasyl
  • Kremenetsko-Pochaivskii Derzhavnyi Istoriko-arkhitekturnyi Zapovidnik, Kremenets, Ukraine.
Rud, Vitalii
  • Institute of Archaeology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
Romaniszyn, Jan
  • Faculty of Archaeology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.
Mullin, Victoria E
  • Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Verdugo, Marta
  • Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Bradley, Daniel G
  • Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Cardoso, João L
  • ICArEHB, Campus de Gambelas, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
  • Universidade Aberta, Lisbon, Portugal.
Valente, Maria J
  • Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Centro de Estudos de Arqueologia, Artes e Ciências do Património, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
Telles Antunes, Miguel
  • Centre for Research on Science and Geological Engineering, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
Ameen, Carly
  • Department of Archaeology and History, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
Thomas, Richard
  • School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
Ludwig, Arne
  • Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.
  • Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Marzullo, Matilde
  • Dipartimento di Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
Prato, Ornella
  • Dipartimento di Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
Bagnasco Gianni, Giovanna
  • Dipartimento di Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
Tecchiati, Umberto
  • Dipartimento di Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
Granado, José
  • Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland.
Schlumbaum, Angela
  • Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland.
Deschler-Erb, Sabine
  • Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland.
Mráz, Monika Schernig
  • Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland.
Boulbes, Nicolas
  • Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, Fondation Albert Ier, Paris/UMR 7194 HNHP, MNHN-CNRS-UPVD/EPCC Centre Européen de Recherche Préhistorique, Tautavel, France.
Gardeisen, Armelle
  • Archéologie des Sociétés Méditeranéennes, Archimède IA-ANR-11-LABX-0032-01, CNRS UMR 5140, Université Paul Valéry, Montpellier, France.
Mayer, Christian
  • Department for Digitalization and Knowledge Transfer, Federal Monuments Authority Austria, Vienna, Austria.
Döhle, Hans-Jürgen
  • Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt - Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte, Halle (Saale), Germany.
Vicze, Magdolna
  • National Institute of Archaeology, Hungarian National Museum, Budapest, Hungary.
Kosintsev, Pavel A
  • Paleoecology Laboratory, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
  • Department of History of the Institute of Humanities, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
Kyselý, René
  • Department of Natural Sciences and Archaeometry, Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.
Peške, Lubomír
  • Independent researcher, Prague, Czechia.
O'Connor, Terry
  • Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK.
Ananyevskaya, Elina
  • Department of Archaeology, History Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Shevnina, Irina
  • Laboratory for Archaeological Research, Akhmet Baitursynuly Kostanay Regional University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan.
Logvin, Andrey
  • Laboratory for Archaeological Research, Akhmet Baitursynuly Kostanay Regional University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan.
Kovalev, Alexey A
  • Department of Archaeological Heritage Preservation, Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
Iderkhangai, Tumur-Ochir
  • Department of Innovation and Technology, Ulaanbaatar Science and Technology Park, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
Sablin, Mikhail V
  • Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia.
Dashkovskiy, Petr K
  • Department of Russian Regional Studies, National and State-confessional Relations, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia.
Graphodatsky, Alexander S
  • Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Novosibirsk, Russia.
Merts, Ilia
  • Toraighyrov University, Joint Research Center for Archeological Studies, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan.
  • Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia.
Merts, Viktor
  • Toraighyrov University, Joint Research Center for Archeological Studies, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan.
Kasparov, Aleksei K
  • Institute of the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
Pitulko, Vladimir V
  • Institute of the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
  • Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia.
Onar, Vedat
  • Osteoarchaeology Practice and Research Center and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Türkiye.
Öztan, Aliye
  • Archaeology Department, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye.
Arbuckle, Benjamin S
  • Department of Anthropology, Alumni Building, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
McColl, Hugh
  • Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Renaud, Gabriel
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France.
  • Department of Health Technology, Section for Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Copenhagen, Denmark.
Khaskhanov, Ruslan
  • Kh. Ibragimov Complex Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (CI RAS), Grozny, Russia.
Demidenko, Sergey
  • Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
Kadieva, Anna
  • Department of Archaeological Monuments, State Historical Museum, Moscow, Russian Federation.
Atabiev, Biyaslan
  • Institute for Caucasus Archaeology, Nalchik, Russian Federation.
Sundqvist, Marie
  • Östra Greda Research Group, Borgholm, Sweden.
Lindgren, Gabriella
  • Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
  • Center for Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
López-Cachero, F Javier
  • Institut d'Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona (IAUB), Seminari d'Estudis i Recerques Prehistoriques (SERP-UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.
Albizuri, Silvia
  • Institut d'Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona (IAUB), Seminari d'Estudis i Recerques Prehistoriques (SERP-UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.
Trbojević Vukičević, Tajana
  • Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
Rapan Papeša, Anita
  • Vinkovci Municipal Museum, Vinkovci, Croatia.
Burić, Marcel
  • Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
Rajić Šikanjić, Petra
  • Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia.
Weinstock, Jaco
  • Faculty of Arts and Humanities (Archaeology), University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Asensio Vilaró, David
  • Secció de Prehistòria i Arqueologia, IAUB Institut d'Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Codina, Ferran
  • C/Major, 20, Norfeu, Arqueologia Art i Patrimoni S.C., La Tallada d'Empordà, Spain.
García Dalmau, Cristina
  • Mosaïques Archéologie, Espace d'activités de la Barthe, Cournonterral, France.
Morer de Llorens, Jordi
  • Mon IberRocs SCL, Vilanova i la Geltrú (Barcelona), Spain.
Pou, Josep
  • Ajuntament de Calafell, Calafell (Tarragona), Spain.
de Prado, Gabriel
  • Museu d'Arqueologia de Catalunya (MAC-Ullastret), Ullastret, Spain.
Sanmartí, Joan
  • IEC-Institut d'Estudis Catalans (Union Académique Internationale), Barcelona, Spain.
  • Departament d'Història i Arqueologia, Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Kallala, Nabil
  • Ecole Tunisienne d'Histoire et d'Anthropologie, Tunis, Tunisia.
  • University of Tunis, Institut National du Patrimoine, Tunis, Tunisia.
Torres, Joan Ramon
  • Consell Insular d'Eivissa, Eivissa, Spain.
Maraoui-Telmini, Bouthéina
  • University of Tunis, Institut National du Patrimoine, Tunis, Tunisia.
Belarte Franco, Maria-Carme
  • IEC-Institut d'Estudis Catalans (Union Académique Internationale), Barcelona, Spain.
  • ICREA, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain.
  • ICAC (Catalan Institute of Classical Archaeology), Tarragona, Spain.
Valenzuela-Lamas, Silvia
  • Archaeology of Social Dynamics (ASD), Institució Milà i Fontanals, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IMF-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
  • UNIARQ - Unidade de Arqueologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, Lisboa, Portugal.
Zazzo, Antoine
  • Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, Paris, France.
Lepetz, Sébastien
  • Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, Paris, France.
Duchesne, Sylvie
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France.
Alexeev, Anatoly
  • Institute for Humanities Research and Indigenous Studies of the North (IHRISN), Yakutsk, Russia.
Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav
  • Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany.
  • Institute of Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Science, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
Houle, Jean-Luc
  • Department of Folk Studies and Anthropology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA.
Bayarkhuu, Noost
  • Archaeological Research Center and Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
Turbat, Tsagaan
  • Archaeological Research Center and Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
Crubézy, Éric
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France.
Shingiray, Irina
  • Faculty of History, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Mashkour, Marjan
  • Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, Paris, France.
  • Central Laboratory, Bioarchaeology Laboratory, Archaeozoology section, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Berezina, Natalia Ya
  • Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
Korobov, Dmitriy S
  • Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
Belinskiy, Andrey
  • Nasledie Cultural Heritage Unit, Stavropol, Russia.
Kalmykov, Alexey
  • Nasledie Cultural Heritage Unit, Stavropol, Russia.
Demoule, Jean-Paul
  • UMR du CNRS 8215 Trajectoires, Institut d'Art et Archéologie, Paris, France.
Reinhold, Sabine
  • Eurasia Department of the German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany.
Hansen, Svend
  • Eurasia Department of the German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany.
Wallner, Barbara
  • Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Roslyakova, Natalia
  • Department of Russian History and Archaeology, Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia.
Kuznetsov, Pavel F
  • Department of Russian History and Archaeology, Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia.
Tishkin, Alexey A
  • Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia.
Wincker, Patrick
  • Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université d'Évry, Université Paris-Saclay, Évry, France.
Kanne, Katherine
  • Department of Archaeology and History, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
  • School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Outram, Alan
  • Department of Archaeology and History, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
Orlando, Ludovic
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France. ludovic.orlando@univ-tlse3.fr.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Female
  • Male
  • Animal Husbandry / history
  • Asia
  • Domestication
  • Europe
  • Genome / genetics
  • History, Ancient
  • Horses / classification
  • Horses / genetics
  • Reproduction
  • Transportation / history
  • Transportation / methods
  • Phylogeny

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

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