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Xylazine and tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in horses.
Abstract: The cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of xylazine in combination with a 1:1 mixture of tiletamine and zolazepam were determined in 6 horses. Each horse was given xylazine IV or IM, as well as tiletamine-zolazepam IV on 4 randomized occasions. Anesthetics were administered at the rate of 1.1 mg of xylazine/kg of body weight, IV, 1.1 mg of tiletamine-zolazepam/kg, IV (treatment 1); 1.1 mg of xylazine/kg, IV, 1.65 mg of tiletamine-zolazepam/kg, IV (treatment 2); 1.1 mg of xylazine/kg, IV, 2.2 mg of tiletamine-zolazepam/kg, IV (treatment 3); and 2.2 mg of xylazine/kg, IM, 1.65 mg of tiletamine-zolazepam/kg, IV (treatment 4). Tiletamine-zolazepam doses were the sum of tiletamine plus zolazepam. Xylazine, when given IV, was given 5 minutes before tiletamine-zolazepam. Xylazine, when given IM, was given 10 minutes before tiletamine-zolazepam. Tiletamine-zolazepam induced recumbency in all horses. Duration of recumbency in group 1 was 31.9 +/- 7.2 (mean +/- 1 SD) minutes. Increasing the dosage of tiletamine-zolazepam (treatments 2 and 3) significantly (P less than 0.05) increased the duration of recumbency. Xylazine caused significant (P less than 0.05) decreases in heart rate and cardiac output and significant (P less than 0.05) increases in central venous pressure and mean pulmonary artery pressure 5 minutes after administration. Respiratory rate was decreased. Arterial blood pressures increased significantly (P less than 0.05) after xylazine was administered IV in treatments 1 and 3, but the increases were not significant in treatment 2. Xylazine administered IM caused significant (P less than 0.05) increases in central venous pressure and significant (P less than 0.05) decreases in cardiac output.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Publication Date: 1989-05-01 PubMed ID: 2729719 The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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The study examines the impact of combining xylazine with tiletamine-zolazepam for anesthesia in horses, focusing on cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects.
Experiment Design and Procedure
The experimental design was such that six horses were administered with a combined anesthetic regimen of xylazine and a 1:1 mixture of tiletamine and zolazepam. These drugs were administered via intravenous (IV) or intramuscular (IM) injections in four different treatments, using a randomized order. The specifics of these treatment options were:
- Treatment 1: 1.1 mg of xylazine/kg body weight (IV) and 1.1 mg of tiletamine-zolazepam/kg (IV)
- Treatment 2: 1.1 mg of xylazine/kg (IV) and 1.65 mg of tiletamine-zolazepam/kg (IV)
- Treatment 3: 1.1 mg of xylazine/kg (IV) and 2.2 mg of tiletamine-zolazepam/kg (IV)
- Treatment 4: 2.2 mg of xylazine/kg (IM) and 1.65 mg of tiletamine-zolazepam/kg (IV)
For the IV implementation, xylazine was administered five minutes before tiletamine-zolazepam, while in the IM method, xylazine was administered ten minutes before.
Outcomes and Observations
Tiletamine-zolazepam consistently induced recumbency (lying down) across all horses. However, duration of recumbency was seen to increase on raising the dosage of tiletamine-zolazepam, evident in the results from treatments 2 and 3.
On administration, Xylazine was observed to significantly lower heart rate and cardiac output. It also significantly elevated central venous pressure and the average pulmonary artery pressure. Reduction in respiratory rate was also exhibited in horses post xylazine administration.
Arterial blood pressure saw a significant surge when xylazine was implemented via IV in treatments 1 and 3, though it wasn’t significant in treatment 2. For the IM process, applying xylazine led to considerable rises in central venous pressure along with notable reductions in cardiac output.
This study, therefore, provides useful insights into the change in cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects when horses are induced with combined xylazine and tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia.
Cite This Article
APA
Hubbell JA, Bednarski RM, Muir WW.
(1989).
Xylazine and tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in horses.
Am J Vet Res, 50(5), 737-742.
Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210.
MeSH Terms
- Anesthesia, Intravenous / veterinary
- Animals
- Azepines / pharmacology
- Blood Gas Analysis / veterinary
- Blood Pressure / drug effects
- Cyclohexanes / pharmacology
- Drug Combinations
- Heart Rate / drug effects
- Horses / physiology
- Respiration / drug effects
- Thiazines / pharmacology
- Tiletamine / pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Xylazine / pharmacology
- Zolazepam / pharmacology
Citations
This article has been cited 8 times.- Bohner J, Painer J, Bakker D, Haw AJ, Rauch H, Greunz EM, Egner B, Goeritz F. Immobilization of Captive Kulans (Equus hemionus kulan) Without Using Ultrapotent Opioids. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:885317.
- Miller LJ, Fetterer DP, Garza NL, Lackemeyer MG, Donnelly GC, Steffens JT, Van Tongeren SA, Fiallos JO, Moore JL, Marko ST, Lugo-Roman LA, Fedewa G, DeRisi JL, Kuhn JH, Stahl SJ. A fixed moderate-dose combination of tiletamine+zolazepam outperforms midazolam in induction of short-term immobilization of ball pythons (Python regius). PLoS One 2018;13(10):e0199339.
- Kerr CL, McDonell WN, Young SS. Cardiopulmonary effects of romifidine/ketamine or xylazine/ketamine when used for short duration anesthesia in the horse. Can J Vet Res 2004 Oct;68(4):274-82.
- Singh S, Young SS, McDonell WN, O'Grady M. Modification of cardiopulmonary and intestinal motility effects of xylazine with glycopyrrolate in horses. Can J Vet Res 1997 Apr;61(2):99-107.
- Kerr CL, McDonell WN, Young SS. A comparison of romifidine and xylazine when used with diazepam/ketamine for short duration anesthesia in the horse. Can Vet J 1996 Oct;37(10):601-9.
- Cuvelliez S, Rosseel G, Blais D, Salmon Y, Troncy E, Larivière N. [Intravenous anesthesia in the horse: comparison of xylazine-ketamine and xylazine-tiletamine-zolazepam combinations]. Can Vet J 1995 Oct;36(10):613-8.
- Lin HC, Branson KR, Thurmon JC, Benson GJ, Tranquilli WJ, Olson WA, Vähä-Vahe AT. Ketamine, Telazol, xylazine and detomidine. A comparative anesthetic drug combinations study in ponies. Acta Vet Scand 1992;33(2):109-15.
- Lambertini C, Boanini E, Casalini I, Spaccini F, Rinnovati R, Romagnoli N. Comparison of Ketamine/Diazepam and Tiletamine/Zolazepam Combinations for Anaesthesia Induction in Horses Undergoing Partial Intravenous Anaesthesia (PIVA): A Retrospective Clinical Study. Vet Sci 2024 Nov 30;11(12).
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