FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Am J Reprod Immunol / Zona pellucida glycoproteins: Relevance in fertility and dev...
American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)2022; 89(2); e13535; doi: 10.1111/aji.13535

Zona pellucida glycoproteins: Relevance in fertility and development of contraceptive vaccines.

Abstract: Mammalian zona pellucida (ZP) is composed of three to four glycoproteins, which plays an important role during fertilization. Mutations in the genes encoding zona proteins are reported in women with empty follicle syndrome, degenerated oocytes and those with an abnormal or no ZP further emphasizing their relevance during fertility. Immunization with either native or recombinant ZP glycoproteins/proteins leads to curtailment of fertility in various animal species. Observed infertility is frequently associated with ovarian pathology characterized by follicular atresia and degenerative changes in ZP, which may be due to oophoritogenic T cell epitope(s) within ZP glycoproteins. To avoid ovarian dystrophy, B cell epitopes of ZP glycoproteins have been mapped by using bio-effective monoclonal antibodies. Immunization with the immunogens encompassing the mapped B cell epitopes by and large led to amelioration of follicular atresia. However, their use for human application will require more rigorous research to establish their safety and reversibility of the contraceptive effect. Nonetheless, to minimize human-animal conflicts, ZP-based contraceptive vaccines have been used successfully in the population management of free-ranging animal species such as feral horses, white-tailed deer and elephants. To control zoonotic diseases, attempts are also underway to control the population of other animal species including stray dogs, which acts as one of the major vectors for the rabies virus.
© 2022 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2022-03-15 PubMed ID: 35249246DOI: 10.1111/aji.13535Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article discusses the role of zona pellucida (ZP) glycoproteins in fertility and their potential use in developing contraceptive vaccines. It describes the impact of ZP mutations on fertility in women and details the effects of ZP immunization in different animal species. More specifically, the study found that immunization with particular epitopes of ZP glycoproteins could limit fertility without causing ovarian dystrophy. However, further studies are needed before adopting these antigen-based contraceptives in humans.

Zona Pellucida Glycoproteins and Fertility

Zona pellucida (ZP) of mammals consists of three to four glycoproteins. These proteins are crucial during the process of fertilization. The research highlights the consequences of genetic mutations in the genes encoding these glycoproteins:

  • Such mutations have been reported in women who suffer from empty follicle syndrome and degenerated oocytes.
  • Also, women with abnormal or no ZP have shown these mutations, thereby delivering the importance of ZP glycoproteins for fertility.

Immunization with ZP Glycoproteins as Contraception

Practices of immunization with native or recombinant ZP glycoproteins/proteins have shown to restrict fertility in various animal species. The research points out that:

  • The resulting infertility was often accompanied by ovarian pathology, which is characterized by follicular atresia (wasting away of the ovarian follicle) and changes in the ZP.
  • This might be due to the oophoritogenic T cell epitope(s) present in the ZP glycoproteins.

Application of ZP Glycoproteins for Contraceptive Vaccines

The study suggests that contraceptive vaccines could be developed based on ZP glycoproteins. Some key points from this research are:

  • To prevent ovarian dystrophy, B cell epitopes of the ZP glycoproteins have been mapped using bio-effective monoclonal antibodies.
  • Immunization with immunogens (substance that stimulates the immune response) including the mapped B cell epitopes alleviated follicular atresia to a large extent.
  • Despite these advantages, extensive research is needed to ensure their safety and evaluate the reversibility of the contraceptive effect before they can be used in humans.
  • ZP-based contraceptive vaccines have been effectively used in controlling the populations of free-ranging animal species such as feral horses, white-tailed deer, and elephants to minimize human-animal conflicts.
  • Attempts are also being made to control the population of other animals like stray dogs, which are major carriers of the rabies virus, to manage zoonotic diseases.

Cite This Article

APA
Gupta SK. (2022). Zona pellucida glycoproteins: Relevance in fertility and development of contraceptive vaccines. Am J Reprod Immunol, 89(2), e13535. https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.13535

Publication

American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)
ISSN: 1600-0897
NlmUniqueID: 8912860
Country: Denmark
Language: English
Volume: 89
Issue: 2
Pages: e13535

Researcher Affiliations

Gupta, Satish K
  • Basic Medical Sciences Division, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.

MeSH Terms

  • Female
  • Animals
  • Humans
  • Dogs
  • Horses
  • Zona Pellucida Glycoproteins / metabolism
  • Vaccines, Contraceptive
  • Deer
  • Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte / metabolism
  • Egg Proteins / genetics
  • Egg Proteins / metabolism
  • Membrane Glycoproteins
  • Receptors, Cell Surface / metabolism
  • Contraception, Immunologic
  • Follicular Atresia
  • Fertility
  • Recombinant Proteins
  • Zona Pellucida

References

This article includes 96 references
  1. Gahlay G, Gauthier L, Baibakov B, Epifano O, Dean J. Gamete recognition in mice depends on the cleavage status of an egg's zona pellucida protein.. Science 2010;329:216-219.
  2. Gupta SK, Bhandari B, Shrestha A. Mammalian zona pellucida glycoproteins: structure and function during fertilization.. Cell Tissue Res 2012;349:665-678.
  3. Goudet G, Mugnier S, Callebaut I, Monget P. Phylogentic analysis and identification of pseudogenes reveal a progressive loss of zona pellucida genes during evolution of vertebrates.. Biol Reprod 2008;78:796-806.
  4. van Duin M, Polman JE, Verkoelen CC. Cloning and characterization of the human sperm receptor ligand ZP3: evidence for a second polymorphic allele with a different frequency in the Caucasian and Japanese populations.. Genomics 1992;14:1064-1070.
  5. Kipersztok S, Osawa GA, Liang LF, Modi WS, Dean J. POMZP3, a bipartite transcript derived from human ZP3 and a POM121 homologue.. Genomics 1995;25:354-359.
  6. Gupta SK. Human zona pellucida glycoproteins binding characteristics with human spermatozoa and induction of acrosome reaction.. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021;9:619868.
  7. Männikkö M, Törmälä R-M, Tuuri T. Association between sequence variations in genes encoding human zona pellucida glycoproteins and fertilization failure in IVF.. Hum Reprod 2005;20:1578-1585.
  8. Pökkylä RM, Lakkakorpi JT, Nuojua-Huttunen SH, Tapanainen JS. Sequence variations in human ZP genes as potential modifiers of zona pellucida architecture.. Fertil Steril 2011;95:2669-2672.
  9. Huang HL, Lv C, Zhao YC. Mutant ZP1 in familial infertility.. N Eng J Med 2014;370:1220-1226.
  10. Yang P, Luan X, Peng Y. Novel zona pellucida gene variants identified in patients with oocyte anomalies.. Fertil Steril 2017;107:1364-1369.
  11. Liu W, Li K, Bai D. Dosage effects of ZP2 and ZP3 heterozygous mutations cause human infertility.. Hum Genet 2017;136:975-985.
  12. Cao Q, Zhao C, Zhang X. Heterozygous mutations in ZP1 and ZP3 cause formation disorder of ZP and female infertility in human.. J Cell Mol Med 2020;24:8557-8566.
  13. Chen T, Bian Y, Liu X. A recurrent missense mutation in ZP3 causes empty follicle syndrome and female infertility.. Am J Hum Genet 2017;101:459-465.
  14. Zhou Z, Ni C, Wu L. Novel mutations in ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3 cause female infertility due to abnormal zona pellucida formation.. Hum Genet 2019;138:327-337.
  15. Dai C, Chen Y, Hu L. ZP1 mutations are associated with empty follicle syndrome: evidence for the existence of an intact oocyte and a zona pellucida in follicles up to the early antral stage. A case report. Hum Reprod 2019;34:2201-2207.
  16. Dai C, Hu L, Gong F. ZP2 pathogenic variants cause in vitro fertilization failure and female infertility.. Genet Med 2019;21:431-440.
  17. Sun L, Fang X, Chen Z. Compound heterozygous ZP1 mutations cause empty follicle syndrome in infertile sisters.. Hum Mutat 2019;40:2001-2006.
  18. Yang P, Chen T, Liu Y. The critical role of ZP genes in female infertility characterized by empty follicle syndrome and oocyte degeneration.. Fertil Steril 2021;115:1259-1269.
  19. Zhang D, Zhu L, Liu Z. A novel mutation in ZP3 causes empty follicle syndrome and abnormal zona pellucida formation.. J Assist Reprod Genet 2021;38:251-259.
  20. Luo G, Zhu L, Liu Z. Novel mutations in ZP1 and ZP2 cause primary infertility due to empty follicle syndrome and abnormal zona pellucida.. J Assist Reprod Genet 2020;37:2853-2860.
  21. Okutman O, Demirel C, Tulek F. Homozygous splice site mutation in ZP1 causes familial oocyte maturation defect.. Genes (Basel) 2020;11:382.
  22. Wei X, Li Y, Liu Q. Mutations in ZP4 are associated with abnormal zona pellucida and female infertility.. J Clin Pathol 2021.
    doi: 10.1136/jclinpath.2020-207170google scholar: lookup
  23. Sacco AG, Yurewicz EC, Subramanian MG, DeMayo FG. Zona pellucida composition: species cross reactivity and contraceptive potential of the antiserum to a purified pig zona antigen (PPZA).. Biol Reprod 1981;25:997-1008.
  24. Forges T, Monnier-Barbarino P, Faure GC, Béné MC. Autoimmunity and antigenic targets in ovarian pathology.. Hum Reprod Update 2004;10:163-175.
  25. Wood DM, Liu C, Dunbar BS. Effect of alloimmunization and heteroimmunization with zonae pellucidae on fertility in rabbits.. Biol Reprod 1981;25:439-450.
  26. Skinner SM, Mills T, Kirchik HJ, Dunbar BS. Immunization with zona pellucida proteins results in abnormal ovarian follicular differentiation and inhibition of gonadotropin-induced steroid secretion.. Endocrinology 1984;115:2418-2432.
  27. Mahi-Brown CA, Huang TT Jr, Yanagimachi R. Infertility in bitches induced by active immunization with porcine zonae pellucidae.. J Exp Zool 1982;222:89-95.
  28. Gulyas BJ, Gwatkin RBL, Yuan LC. Active immunization of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) with porcine zonae pellucidae.. Gamete Research 1983;7:229-307.
  29. Sacco AG, Pierce DL, Subramanian MG, Yurewicz EC, Dukelow WR. Ovaries remain functional in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) immunized with porcine zona pellucida 55,000 macromolecule.. Biol Reprod 1987;36:481-490.
  30. Paterson M, Koothan PT, Morris KD. Analysis of the contraceptive potential of antibodies against native and deglycosylated porcine ZP3 in vivo and in vitro.. Biol Reprod 1992;46:523-534.
  31. Bagavant H, Thillai-Koothan P, Sharma MG, Talwar GP, Gupta SK. Antifertility effect of porcine zona pellucida-3 immunization using permissible adjuvants in female bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata): reversibility, effect on follicular development and hormonal profiles.. J Reprod Fertil 1994;120:17-25.
  32. Upadhyay SN, Thillai-Koothan P, Bamezai A, Jayaraman S, Talwar GP. Role of adjuvants in inhibitory influence of immunization with porcine zona pellucida antigen (ZP3) on ovarian folliculogenesis in bonnet monkeys: a morphological study.. Biol Reprod 1989;41:665-673.
  33. Paterson M, Wilson MR, Morris KD, van Duin M, Aitken RJ. Evaluation of the contraceptive potential of recombinant human ZP3 and human ZP3 peptides in a primate model: their safety and efficacy.. Am J Reprod Immunol 1998;40:198-209.
  34. Martinez ML, Harris JD. Effectiveness of zona pellucida protein ZPB as an immunocontraceptive antigen.. J Reprod Fertil 2000;120:19-32.
  35. Govind CK, Gupta SK. Failure of female baboons (Papio anubis) to conceive following immunization with recombinant non-human primate zona pellucida glycoprotein-B expressed in Escherichia coli.. Vaccine 2000;18:2970-2978.
  36. Govind CK, Srivastava N, Gupta SK. Evaluation of the immunocontraceptive potential of Escherichia coli expressed recombinant non-human primate zona pellucida glycoproteins in homologous animal model.. Vaccine 2002;21:78-88.
  37. Kaul R, Sivapurapu N, Afzalpurkar A, Srikanth V, Govind CK, Gupta SK. Immunocontraceptive potential of recombinant bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata) zona pellucida glycoprotein-C expressed in Escherichia coli and its corresponding synthetic peptide.. Reprod BioMed Online 2001;2:33-39.
  38. Rhim SH, Millar SE, Robey F. Autoimmune disease of the ovary induced by a ZP3 peptde from the mouse zona pellucida.. J Clin Invest 1992;89:28-35.
  39. Lou Y, Ang J, Thai H, McElveen F, Tung KS. A zona pellucida 3 peptide vaccine induces antibodies and reversible infertility without ovarian pathology.. J Immunol 1995;155:2715-2720.
  40. Millar SE, Chamow SM, Baur AW, Robey F, Dean J. Vaccination with a synthetic zona pellucida peptide produces long-term contraception in female mice.. Science 1989;246:935-938.
  41. Sun W, Lou YH, Tung KS. A contraceptive peptide vaccine targeting sulfated glycoprotein ZP2 of the mouse zona pellucida.. Biol Reprod 1999;60:900-907.
  42. Gupta SK, Chadha K, Harris JD. Mapping of epitopes on porcine zona pellucida-3 alpha by monoclonal antibodies inhibiting oocyte-sperm interaction.. Biol Reprod 1996;55:410-415.
  43. Bagavant H, Yurewicz EC, Sacco AG, Talwar GP, Gupta SK. Delineation of epitopes on porcine zona pellucida relevant for binding of sperm to oocyte using monoclonal antibodies.. J Reprod Immunol 1993;23:265-279.
  44. Afzalpurkar A, Gupta SK. Identification of epitopes of monoclonal antibodies to porcine zona pellucida 3 beta glycoprotein, a homologue of the mouse/human sperm receptor.. Am J Reprod Immunol 1997;38:26-32.
  45. Afzalpurkar A, Sacco AG, Yurewicz EC, Gupta SK. Induction of native protein reactive antibodies by immunization with peptides containing linear B-cell epitopes defined by anti-porcine ZP3β monoclonal antibodies.. J Reprod Immunol 1997;33:113-125.
  46. Afzalpurkar A, Shibahara H, Hasegawa A, Koyama K, Gupta SK. Immunoreactivity and in-vitro effect on human sperm-egg binding of antibodies against peptides corresponding to bonnet monkey zona pellucida-3 glycoprotein.. Hum Reprod 1997;12:2664-2670.
  47. Sivapurapu N, Hasegawa A, Gahlay GK, Koyama K, Gupta SK. Efficacy of antibodies against a chimeric synthetic peptide encompassing epitope of bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata) zona pellucida-1 and zona pellucida-3 glycoproteins to inhibit in vitro human sperm-egg binding.. Mol Reprod Dev 2005;70:247-254.
  48. Sivapurapu N, Upadhyay A, Hasegawa A, Koyama K, Gupta SK. Efficacy of antibodies against Escherichia coli expressed chimeric recombinant protein encompassing multiple epitopes of zona pellucida glycoproteins to inhibit in vitro human sperm-egg binding.. Mol Reprod Dev 2003;65:309-317.
  49. Hardy CM, Clydesdale G, Mobbs KJ. Development of mouse-specific contraceptive vaccines: infertility in mice immunized with peptide and polyepitope antigens.. Reproduction 2004;128:395-407.
  50. Shigeta M, Hasegawa A, Hamada Y, Koyama K. Analysis of B cell epitopes of a glycoprotein porcine zona pellucida (pZP1).. J Reprod Immunol 2000;47:159-169.
  51. Govind CK, Hasegawa A, Koyama K, Gupta SK. Delineation of a conserved B cell epitope on bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata) and human zona pellucida glycoprotein-B by monoclonal antibodies demonstrating inhibition of sperm-egg binding.. Biol Reprod 2000;62:67-75.
  52. Xu WX, Bhandari B, He YP. Mapping of epitopes relevant for induction of acrosome reaction on human zona pellucida glycoprotein-4 using monoclonal antibodies.. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012;68:465-475.
  53. Skinner SM, Schwoebel ES, Prasad SV, Oguna M, Dunbar BS. Mapping of dominant B cell epitopes of a human zona pellucida protein (ZP1).. Biol Reprod 1999;61:1373-1380.
  54. Cui X, Duckworth JA, Molinia FC, Cowan PE. Identification and evaluation of an infertility-associated ZP3 epitope from the marsupial brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula).. Vaccine 2010;28:1499-1505.
  55. Paterson M, Wilson MR, van Duin M, Aitken RJ. Evaluation of zona pellucida antigens as potential candidates for immunocontraception.. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1996;50:175-182.
  56. Paterson M, Wilson MR, Jennings ZA, van Duin M, Aitken RJ. Design and evaluation of a ZP3 peptide vaccine in a homologous primate model.. Mol Hum Reprod 1999;5:342-352.
  57. Mahi-Brown CA, Moran F. Response of cynomolgus macaques to immunization against a synthetic peptide from the human zona pellucida.. J Med Primatol 1995;24:258-270.
  58. Mahi-Brown CA. Primate response to immunization with a homologous zona pellucida peptide.. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1996;50:165-174.
  59. Bagavant H, Fusi FM, Baisch J, Kurth B, David CS, Tung KS. Immunogenicity and contraceptive potential of a human zona pellucida 3 peptide vaccine.. Biol Reprod 1997;56:764-770.
  60. Gulati S, Karanth KK, Le NA, Noack F. human casualties are dominant cost of human-wildlife conflict in India.. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2021;118:e1921338118.
  61. Jones KE, Patel NG, Levy MA. Global trends in emerging infectious diseases.. Nature 2008;451:990-993.
  62. Bielby J, Donnelly CA, Pope LC, Burke T, Woodroffe R. Badger responses to small-scale culling may compromise target control of bovine tuberculosis.. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2014;111:9193-9198.
  63. Gilbert M, Mitchell A, Bourn D, Mawdsley J, Cliton-Hadley R, Wint W. Cattle movements and bovine tuberculosis in Great Britain.. Nature 2005;435:491-496.
  64. Howe LM. Surgical methods of contraception and sterilization.. Theriogenology 2006;66:500-509.
  65. Kirkpatrick JF, Liu IKM, Turner JW Jr. Remotely-delivered immunocontraception in feral horses.. Wildl Soc Bull 1990;18:326-330.
  66. Miller LA, Johns BE, Killian GJ. Long-term effects of PZP immunization on reproduction in white-tailed deer.. Vaccine 2000;18:568-574.
  67. Naugle RE, Rurberg AT, Underwood HB, Turner Jr. JW, Liu IK. Field testing of immunocontraception on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on Fire Island National Seashore, New York, USA.. Reprod Suppl 2002;60:143-153.
  68. Rutberg AT, Naugle RE, Verret F. Single-treatment porcine zona pellucida immunocontraception associated with reduction of a population of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).. J Zoo Wildl Med 2013;44:S75-S83.
  69. Kirkpatrick JF, Turner A. Reversibility of action and safety during pregnancy of immunization against porcine zona pellucida in wild mares (Equus caballus).. Reproduction Suppl 2002;60:197-202.
  70. Kirkpatrick JF, Turner A. Absence of effects from immunocontraception on seasonal birth patterns and foal survival among barrier island wild horses.. J Appl Anim Welf Sci 2003;6:301-308.
  71. Curtis PD, Richmond ME, Miller LA, Quimby FW. Pathophysiology of white-tailed deer vaccinated with porcine zona pellucida immunocontraceptive.. Vaccine 2007;25:4623-4630.
  72. Fayrer-Hosken RA, Grobler D, Van Altena JJ, Bertschinger HJ, Kirkpatrick JF. Immunocontraception of African elephants.. Nature 2000;407:149.
  73. Delink A, van Altena JJ, Grobler D, Bertschinger H, Kirkpatrick JF, Slotow R. Implementing immunocontraception in free-ranging Africal elephants at Makalali Conservancy.. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2007;78:25-30.
  74. Shideler SE, Stoops MA, Gee NA, Howell JA. Use of porcine zona pellucida (PZP) vaccine as a contraceptive agent in free-ranging elk (Cervus elaphus nannodes).. Reproduction Suppl 2002;60:169-176.
  75. French H, Peterson E, Shulman M. Efficacy and safety of native and recombinant zona pellucida immunocontraceptive vaccine in donkeys.. Theriogenology 2020;153:27-33.
  76. Knobel DL, Cleaveland S, Coleman PG. Re-evaluating the burden of rabies in Africa and Asia.. Bull World Health Org 2005;83:360-368.
  77. Sudarshan MK, Madhusudana SN, Mahendra BJ. Assessing the burden of human rabies in India: result of a national multi-centre epidemiological survey.. Int J Infec Dis 2007;11:29-35.
  78. Mahi-Brown CA, Yanagimachi R, Hoffman JC, Huang TT Jr. Fertility control in the bitch by active immunization with porcine zonae pellucidae: use of different adjuvants and patterns of estradiol and progesterone levels in estrous cycles.. Biol Reprod 1985;32:761-772.
  79. Mahi-Brown CA, Yanagimachi R, Nelson ML, Yanagimachi H, Palumbo N. Ovarian histopathology of bitches immunized with porcine zona pellucidae.. Am J Reprod Immunol 1988;18:94-103.
  80. Santhanam R, Panda AK, Kumar VS, Gupta SK. Dog zona pellucida glycoprotein-3 (ZP3): expression in Escherichia coli and immunological characterization.. Protein Exp Purif 1998;12:331-339.
  81. Srivastava N, Santhanam R, Sheela P. Evaluation of the immunocontraceptive potential of Escherichia coli-expressed recombinant dog ZP2 and ZP3 in a homologous animal model.. Reproduction 2002;123:847-857.
  82. Sad S, Gupta HM, Talwar GP, Raghupathy R. Carrier-induced suppression of the antibody response to a ‘self’ hapten.. Immunology 1991;74:223-227.
  83. Lennon-Duménil AM, Bakker AH, Wolf-Bryant P, Ploegh HL, Lagaudrière-Gesbert C. A closer look at proteolysis and MHC class-II restricted antigen presentation.. Curr Opin Immunol 2002;14:15-21.
  84. Oishi Y, Onozuka A, Kato H, Shimura N, Imai S, Nisizawa T. The effect of amino acid spacers on the antigenicity of dimeric peptide inducing cross-reacting antibodies to a cell surface protein antigen of Streptococcus mutans.. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2001;16:40-44.
  85. Khan F, Legler PM, Mease RM, Duncan EH, Bergmann-Leitner ES, Angov E. Histidine affinity tags affect MSP1(42) structural stability and immunodominance in mice.. Biotechnol J 2012;7:133-147.
  86. Gupta SK, Gupta N, Shrestha A, Panda AK. A process for production of tag-free recombinant fusion protein encompassing promiscuous T cell epitope of tetanus toxoid and dog zona pellucida glycoprotein-3 and its use as contraceptive vaccine.. .
  87. Shrestha A, Srichandan S, Minhas V, Panda AK, Gupta SK. Canine zona pellucida glycoprotein-3: Upscaled production, immunization strategy and its outcome on fertility.. Vaccine 2015;33:133-140.
  88. Miller LA, Gionfriddo JP, Fagerstone KA, Rhyan JC, Killian GJ. The single shot GnRH immunocontraceptive vaccine (GonaConTM) in white-tailed deer: comparison of several GnRH preparations.. Am J Reprod Immunol 2008;60:214-223.
  89. Levy JK, Friary JA, Miller LA, Tucker SJ, Fagerstone KA. Long term fertility control in female cats with GonaConTM, a GnRH immunocontraceptive.. Theriogenology 2011;76:1517-1525.
  90. Dalmau A, Velarde A, Rodriguez P. Use of anti-GnRF vaccine to suppress estrus in crossbred Iberian female pigs.. Theriogenology 2015;84:342-347.
  91. Bansal P, Chakravarti K, Gupta SK. Functional activity of human ZP3 primary sperm receptor resides toward its C-terminus.. Biol Reprod 2009;81:7-15.
  92. Arukha AP, Minhas V, Shrestha A, Gupta SK. Contraceptive efficacy of recombinant fusion protein comprising zona pellucida glycoprotein-3 fragment and gonadotropin releasing hormone.. J Reprod Immunol 2016;114:18-26.
  93. Gupta SK, Toor S, Minhas V. Contraceptive efficacy of recombinant porcine zona proteins and fusion protein encompassing canine ZP3 fragment and GnRH in female beagle dogs.. Am J Reprod Immunol .
    doi: 10.1111/aji.13536google scholar: lookup
  94. Brown RG, Bowen WD, Eddington JD. Evidence for a long-lasting single administration contraceptive vaccine in wild grey seals.. J Reprod Immunol 1997;35:43-51.
  95. Kanchan V, Katare YK, Panda AK. Memory antibody response from antigen loaded polymer particles and the effect of antigen release kinetics.. Biomaterials 2009;30:4763-4776.
  96. Müller TF, Schröder R, Wysocki P, Mettenleiter TC, Freuling CM. Spatio-temporal use of oral rabies vaccines in fox rabies elimination programs in Europe.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015;9:e0003953.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.