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American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)2022; 89(2); e13535; doi: 10.1111/aji.13535

Zona pellucida glycoproteins: Relevance in fertility and development of contraceptive vaccines.

Abstract: Mammalian zona pellucida (ZP) is composed of three to four glycoproteins, which plays an important role during fertilization. Mutations in the genes encoding zona proteins are reported in women with empty follicle syndrome, degenerated oocytes and those with an abnormal or no ZP further emphasizing their relevance during fertility. Immunization with either native or recombinant ZP glycoproteins/proteins leads to curtailment of fertility in various animal species. Observed infertility is frequently associated with ovarian pathology characterized by follicular atresia and degenerative changes in ZP, which may be due to oophoritogenic T cell epitope(s) within ZP glycoproteins. To avoid ovarian dystrophy, B cell epitopes of ZP glycoproteins have been mapped by using bio-effective monoclonal antibodies. Immunization with the immunogens encompassing the mapped B cell epitopes by and large led to amelioration of follicular atresia. However, their use for human application will require more rigorous research to establish their safety and reversibility of the contraceptive effect. Nonetheless, to minimize human-animal conflicts, ZP-based contraceptive vaccines have been used successfully in the population management of free-ranging animal species such as feral horses, white-tailed deer and elephants. To control zoonotic diseases, attempts are also underway to control the population of other animal species including stray dogs, which acts as one of the major vectors for the rabies virus.
© 2022 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Publication Date: 2022-03-15 PubMed ID: 35249246DOI: 10.1111/aji.13535Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article discusses the role of zona pellucida (ZP) glycoproteins in fertility and their potential use in developing contraceptive vaccines. It describes the impact of ZP mutations on fertility in women and details the effects of ZP immunization in different animal species. More specifically, the study found that immunization with particular epitopes of ZP glycoproteins could limit fertility without causing ovarian dystrophy. However, further studies are needed before adopting these antigen-based contraceptives in humans.

Zona Pellucida Glycoproteins and Fertility

Zona pellucida (ZP) of mammals consists of three to four glycoproteins. These proteins are crucial during the process of fertilization. The research highlights the consequences of genetic mutations in the genes encoding these glycoproteins:

  • Such mutations have been reported in women who suffer from empty follicle syndrome and degenerated oocytes.
  • Also, women with abnormal or no ZP have shown these mutations, thereby delivering the importance of ZP glycoproteins for fertility.

Immunization with ZP Glycoproteins as Contraception

Practices of immunization with native or recombinant ZP glycoproteins/proteins have shown to restrict fertility in various animal species. The research points out that:

  • The resulting infertility was often accompanied by ovarian pathology, which is characterized by follicular atresia (wasting away of the ovarian follicle) and changes in the ZP.
  • This might be due to the oophoritogenic T cell epitope(s) present in the ZP glycoproteins.

Application of ZP Glycoproteins for Contraceptive Vaccines

The study suggests that contraceptive vaccines could be developed based on ZP glycoproteins. Some key points from this research are:

  • To prevent ovarian dystrophy, B cell epitopes of the ZP glycoproteins have been mapped using bio-effective monoclonal antibodies.
  • Immunization with immunogens (substance that stimulates the immune response) including the mapped B cell epitopes alleviated follicular atresia to a large extent.
  • Despite these advantages, extensive research is needed to ensure their safety and evaluate the reversibility of the contraceptive effect before they can be used in humans.
  • ZP-based contraceptive vaccines have been effectively used in controlling the populations of free-ranging animal species such as feral horses, white-tailed deer, and elephants to minimize human-animal conflicts.
  • Attempts are also being made to control the population of other animals like stray dogs, which are major carriers of the rabies virus, to manage zoonotic diseases.

Cite This Article

APA
Gupta SK. (2022). Zona pellucida glycoproteins: Relevance in fertility and development of contraceptive vaccines. Am J Reprod Immunol, 89(2), e13535. https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.13535

Publication

American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)
ISSN: 1600-0897
NlmUniqueID: 8912860
Country: Denmark
Language: English
Volume: 89
Issue: 2
Pages: e13535

Researcher Affiliations

Gupta, Satish K
  • Basic Medical Sciences Division, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.

MeSH Terms

  • Female
  • Animals
  • Humans
  • Dogs
  • Horses
  • Zona Pellucida Glycoproteins / metabolism
  • Vaccines, Contraceptive
  • Deer
  • Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte / metabolism
  • Egg Proteins / genetics
  • Egg Proteins / metabolism
  • Membrane Glycoproteins
  • Receptors, Cell Surface / metabolism
  • Contraception, Immunologic
  • Follicular Atresia
  • Fertility
  • Recombinant Proteins
  • Zona Pellucida

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Citations

This article has been cited 4 times.
  1. Gao W, Shen X, Li P, Xiao C, Wang Y. Advances in Contraceptive Vaccine Development: A Comprehensive Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2025 Jun 26;13(7).
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  2. Winuthayanon W. PSA inhibitors for contraception: insights from prostate cancer. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2025 Jul;46(7):599-609.
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  3. Yi H, Liang W, Yang S, Liu H, Deng J, Han S, Feng X, Cheng W, Chen Y, Hang J, Lu H, Ran R. Melanin deposition and key molecular features in Xenopus tropicalis oocytes. BMC Biol 2025 Feb 27;23(1):62.
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  4. Zhang J, Zhang XQ, Ling XZ, Zhao XH, Zhou KZ, Wang JY, Zhang GX. Prediction of the Effect of Methylation in the Promoter Region of ZP2 Gene on Egg Production in Jinghai Yellow Chickens. Vet Sci 2022 Oct 16;9(10).
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