FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Journal of veterinary internal medicine2017; 32(1); 433-440; doi: 10.1111/jvim.14870

24-Hour Kinetics of Cardiac Troponin-T Using a “High-Sensitivity” Assay in Thoroughbred Chuckwagon Racing Geldings after Race and Associated Clinical Sampling Guidelines.

Abstract: A "high-sensitivity" cardiac troponin-T (hscTnT) assay recently has been validated for use in horses and is a specific biomarker of myocardial damage. Postexercise release kinetics of cTnT utilizing the hscTnT assay have yet to be established in horses. Objective: To determine: (1) cTnT release kinetics in racing Thoroughbreds after a high-intensity 5/8th mile Chuckwagon race; (2) the effects of age on pre- and postrace cTnT concentrations; and (3) sampling guidelines for clinicians evaluating horses presenting after exercise. Methods: Samples were obtained from 38 Thoroughbred geldings aged 5-16 years before racing and immediately, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hour postrace. Methods: Prospective, observational study with convenience sampling. A fifth-generation hscTnT assay was used for plasma sample analysis, and concentrations were compared at all time-points. Correlations were determined between cTnT concentrations and age. Biochemistry analysis was performed to assess rhabdomyolysis, renal failure, and exercise-induced dehydration. Results: All horses with measureable cTnT concentrations had significant postexercise increases in cTnT with a median peak (8.0 ng/L) at 3-hour postrace. All horses had peak postexercise cTnT concentrations 2- to 6-hour postrace ≤ the 99th percentile upper reference limit of 23.2 ng/L, after which all cTnT concentrations decreased until returning to baseline by 12-24 hours. There was no correlation over time between cTnT concentrations and age. Conclusions: In racing Thoroughbreds completing short-duration, high-intensity Chuckwagon races, cTnT concentrations are expected to be increased 2- to 6-hour postrace and to decrease by 12-24 hours while remaining ≤23.2 ng/L throughout. This study contributes to establishing guidelines for clinical use of the hscTnT assay in exercising horses.
Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2017-11-24 PubMed ID: 29171090PubMed Central: PMC5787185DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14870Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article discusses the use of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin-T (hscTnT) assay to study the release kinetics of a specific biomarker of myocardial damage in thoroughbred racing horses, and its potential application in setting clinical guidelines. The researchers noted that the levels of this biomarker increased post-race in the studied horses, but typically returned to baseline within 12-24 hours, while not exceeding a certain reference limit.

Study Purpose and Objectives

  • The primary aim of the research was to understand the release kinetics of the cardiac troponin-T (cTnT) in racing thoroughbreds post a high-intensity race involving Chuckwagon style racing.
  • The study also aimed to determine the impact of age on pre- and post-race cTnT concentrations.
  • Finally, the study sought to form sampling guidelines for vets and clinicians evaluating horses after their exercise or racing events.

Methods and Experimentation

  • To achieve the stated objectives, the researchers collected samples from 38 Thoroughbred geldings aged between 5-16 years, before and immediately, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours after racing.
  • A prospective, observational study was used with convenience sampling.
  • They utilized a fifth-generation hscTnT assay for analysis of the plasma samples, and compared concentrations at all prescribed time-points.
  • They also checked for a correlation between the cTnT concentrations and the horses’ age.
  • In addition, they completed a biochemistry analysis to assess signs of rhabdomyolysis (damage to skeletal muscles), renal failure, and exercise-induced dehydration.

Key Results and Findings

  • All horses that had measurable cTnT concentrations exhibited significant post-exercise increases in cTnT.
  • Peak cTnT levels were observed at 3 hour post-race at a median concentration of 8.0 ng/L.
  • All horses had peak cTnT concentrations between 2-6 hours post-race which maintained under the 99th percentile upper reference limit of 23.2 ng/L.
  • After this peak, all cTnT concentrations started decreasing and returned to baseline between 12-24 hours post-race.
  • The study found no correlation between cTnT concentrations and age over time.

Conclusion and Implication

  • This signifies that in racing Thoroughbreds undertaking short-duration, high-intensity Chuckwagon races, it should be anticipated to find increased cTnT concentrations 2- to 6-hours post-race, which would normalize by 12-24 hours.
  • The study’s findings are crucial in setting guidelines for the clinical application of the hscTnT assay in examining exercising horses or those taking part in competitive racing.

Cite This Article

APA
Shields E, Seiden-Long I, Massie S, Leguillette R. (2017). 24-Hour Kinetics of Cardiac Troponin-T Using a “High-Sensitivity” Assay in Thoroughbred Chuckwagon Racing Geldings after Race and Associated Clinical Sampling Guidelines. J Vet Intern Med, 32(1), 433-440. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14870

Publication

Journal of veterinary internal medicine
ISSN: 1939-1676
NlmUniqueID: 8708660
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 32
Issue: 1
Pages: 433-440

Researcher Affiliations

Shields, E
  • Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UCVM), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Seiden-Long, I
  • Faculty of Medicine and Calgary Lab Services (CLS), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Massie, S
  • Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UCVM), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Leguillette, R
  • Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UCVM), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

MeSH Terms

  • Age Factors
  • Animals
  • Biomarkers
  • Guidelines as Topic
  • Horses / blood
  • Immunoassay / methods
  • Immunoassay / veterinary
  • Kinetics
  • Male
  • Physical Exertion / physiology
  • Prospective Studies
  • Running
  • Time Factors
  • Troponin T / blood

Conflict of Interest Statement

Authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 49 references
  1. Ammann P, Maggiorini M, Bertel O, Haenseler E, Joller-Jemelka HI, Oechslin E, Minder EI, Rickli H, Fehr T. Troponin as a risk factor for mortality in critically ill patients without acute coronary syndromes.. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003 Jun 4;41(11):2004-9.
    pubmed: 12798573doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00421-2google scholar: lookup
  2. Pattanshetty DJ, Bhat PK, Aneja A, Pillai DP. Elevated troponin predicts long-term adverse cardiovascular outcomes in hypertensive crisis: a retrospective study.. J Hypertens 2012 Dec;30(12):2410-5.
    pubmed: 22990357doi: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3283599b4fgoogle scholar: lookup
  3. Vasile VC, Chai HS, Abdeldayem D, Afessa B, Jaffe AS. Elevated cardiac troponin T levels in critically ill patients with sepsis.. Am J Med 2013 Dec;126(12):1114-21.
    pubmed: 24083646doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.06.029google scholar: lookup
  4. Vasile VC, Chai HS, Khambatta S, Afessa B, Jaffe AS. Significance of elevated cardiac troponin T levels in critically ill patients with acute respiratory disease.. Am J Med 2010 Nov;123(11):1049-58.
    pubmed: 21035593doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.06.021google scholar: lookup
  5. Shields E, Seiden-Long I, Massie S, Passante S, Leguillette R. Analytical validation and establishment of reference intervals for a 'high-sensitivity' cardiac troponin-T assay in horses.. BMC Vet Res 2016 Jun 13;12(1):104.
    pmc: PMC4906598pubmed: 27296016doi: 10.1186/s12917-016-0737-1google scholar: lookup
  6. Van Der Vekens N, Decloedt A, Ven S, De Clercq D, van Loon G. Cardiac troponin I as compared to troponin T for the detection of myocardial damage in horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2015 Jan;29(1):348-54.
    pmc: PMC4858065pubmed: 25619522doi: 10.1111/jvim.12530google scholar: lookup
  7. Vilela EM, Bastos JC, Rodrigues RP, Nunes JP. High-sensitivity troponin after running--a systematic review.. Neth J Med 2014 Jan;72(1):5-9.
    pubmed: 24457432
  8. Lippi G, Cervellin G, Banfi G, Plebani M. Cardiac troponins and physical exercise. It's time to make a point.. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2011;21(1):55-62.
    pubmed: 22141208doi: 10.11613/bm.2011.012google scholar: lookup
  9. Nie J, Close G, George KP, Tong TK, Shi Q. Temporal association of elevations in serum cardiac troponin T and myocardial oxidative stress after prolonged exercise in rats.. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010 Dec;110(6):1299-303.
    pubmed: 20711602doi: 10.1007/s00421-010-1604-6google scholar: lookup
  10. McKenzie EC, Jose-Cunilleras E, Hinchcliff KW, Holbrook TC, Royer C, Payton ME, Williamson K, Nelson S, Willard MD, Davis MS. Serum chemistry alterations in Alaskan sled dogs during five successive days of prolonged endurance exercise.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007 May 15;230(10):1486-92.
    pubmed: 17504039doi: 10.2460/javma.230.10.1486google scholar: lookup
  11. Slack J, Boston RC, Soma L, Reef VB. Cardiac troponin I in racing standardbreds.. J Vet Intern Med 2012 Sep-Oct;26(5):1202-8.
    pubmed: 22827474doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00969.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  12. Holbrook TC, Birks EK, Sleeper MM, Durando M. Endurance exercise is associated with increased plasma cardiac troponin I in horses.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2006 Aug;(36):27-31.
    pubmed: 17402387doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05508.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  13. Nostell K, Häggström J. Resting concentrations of cardiac troponin I in fit horses and effect of racing.. J Vet Cardiol 2008 Dec;10(2):105-9.
    pubmed: 19019757doi: 10.1016/j.jvc.2008.10.001google scholar: lookup
  14. Trachsel DS, Schwarzwald CC, Bitschnau C, Grenacher B, Weishaupt MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide and cardiac troponin I concentrations in healthy Warmblood horses and in Warmblood horses with mitral regurgitation at rest and after exercise.. J Vet Cardiol 2013 Jun;15(2):105-21.
    pubmed: 23684505doi: 10.1016/j.jvc.2012.12.003google scholar: lookup
  15. Durando M, Reef V, Kline K. Acute effects of short duration, maximal exercise on cardiac troponin I in healty horses. Equine Comp Exerc Physiol 2007;3:217–223.
  16. Bleier J, Vorderwinkler KP, Falkensammer J, Mair P, Dapunt O, Puschendorf B, Mair J. Different intracellular compartmentations of cardiac troponins and myosin heavy chains: a causal connection to their different early release after myocardial damage.. Clin Chem 1998 Sep;44(9):1912-8.
    pubmed: 9732976
  17. Cardinaels EP, Mingels AM, van Rooij T, Collinson PO, Prinzen FW, van Dieijen-Visser MP. Time-dependent degradation pattern of cardiac troponin T following myocardial infarction.. Clin Chem 2013 Jul;59(7):1083-90.
    pubmed: 23536511doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2012.200543google scholar: lookup
  18. Tian Y, Nie J, Huang C, George KP. The kinetics of highly sensitive cardiac troponin T release after prolonged treadmill exercise in adolescent and adult athletes.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012 Aug;113(3):418-25.
    pubmed: 22653984doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00247.2012google scholar: lookup
  19. Lippi G, Schena F, Dipalo M, Montagnana M, Salvagno GL, Aloe R, Guidi GC. Troponin I measured with a high sensitivity immunoassay is significantly increased after a half marathon run.. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2012 Oct;72(6):467-70.
    pubmed: 22794031doi: 10.3109/00365513.2012.697575google scholar: lookup
  20. Ahmed AN, Blonde K, Hackam D, Iansavichene A, Mrkobrada M. Prognostic significance of elevated troponin in non-cardiac hospitalized patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. Ann Med 2014 Dec;46(8):653-63.
    pubmed: 25307362doi: 10.3109/07853890.2014.959558google scholar: lookup
  21. Latini R, Masson S, Anand IS, Missov E, Carlson M, Vago T, Angelici L, Barlera S, Parrinello G, Maggioni AP, Tognoni G, Cohn JN. Prognostic value of very low plasma concentrations of troponin T in patients with stable chronic heart failure.. Circulation 2007 Sep 11;116(11):1242-9.
    pubmed: 17698733doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.106.655076google scholar: lookup
  22. Januzzi JL Jr, Filippatos G, Nieminen M, Gheorghiade M. Troponin elevation in patients with heart failure: on behalf of the third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction Global Task Force: Heart Failure Section.. Eur Heart J 2012 Sep;33(18):2265-71.
    pubmed: 22745356doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs191google scholar: lookup
  23. Katus HA, Giannitsis E, Jaffe AS, Thygesen K. Higher sensitivity troponin assays: Quo vadis?. Eur Heart J 2009 Jan;30(2):127-8.
    pubmed: 19074444doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn555google scholar: lookup
  24. Jesse RL. On the relative value of an assay versus that of a test: a history of troponin for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction.. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010 May 11;55(19):2125-8.
    pubmed: 20447536doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.014google scholar: lookup
  25. Christenson RH, Phillips D. Sensitive and high sensitivity next generation cardiac troponin assays: more than just a name.. Pathology 2011 Apr;43(3):213-9.
    pubmed: 21436630doi: 10.1097/pat.0b013e328343762dgoogle scholar: lookup
  26. Shave R, Ross P, Low D, George K, Gaze D. Cardiac troponin I is released following high-intensity short-duration exercise in healthy humans.. Int J Cardiol 2010 Nov 19;145(2):337-339.
    pubmed: 20079546doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.12.001google scholar: lookup
  27. Chenevier-Gobeaux C, Bonnefoy-Cudraz É, Charpentier S, Dehoux M, Lefevre G, Meune C, Ray P. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays: answers to frequently asked questions.. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2015 Feb;108(2):132-49.
    pubmed: 25669958doi: 10.1016/j.acvd.2014.11.001google scholar: lookup
  28. Nunes JP, Macedo F. An analytical triad for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism.. Cardiology 2000;94(4):264.
    pubmed: 11326150doi: 10.1159/000047329google scholar: lookup
  29. Nunes JP. Cardiac troponin I in systemic diseases. A possible role for myocardial strain.. Rev Port Cardiol 2001 Jul-Aug;20(7-8):785-8.
    pubmed: 11582628
  30. Weippert M, Divchev D, Schmidt P, Gettel H, Neugebauer A, Behrens K, Wolfarth B, Braumann KM, Nienaber CA. Cardiac troponin T and echocardiographic dimensions after repeated sprint vs. moderate intensity continuous exercise in healthy young males.. Sci Rep 2016 Apr 19;6:24614.
    pmc: PMC4835763pubmed: 27090032doi: 10.1038/srep24614google scholar: lookup
  31. Legaz-Arrese A, López-Laval I, George K, Puente-Lanzarote JJ, Moliner-Urdiales D, Ayala-Tajuelo VJ, Mayolas-Pi C, Reverter-Masià J. Individual variability in cardiac biomarker release after 30 min of high-intensity rowing in elite and amateur athletes.. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015 Sep;40(9):951-8.
    pubmed: 26307519doi: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0055google scholar: lookup
  32. Flethøj M, Schwarzwald CC, Haugaard MM, Carstensen H, Kanters JK, Olsen LH, Buhl R. Left Ventricular Function After Prolonged Exercise in Equine Endurance Athletes.. J Vet Intern Med 2016 Jul;30(4):1260-9.
    pmc: PMC5094507pubmed: 27305095doi: 10.1111/jvim.13982google scholar: lookup
  33. Flethøj M, Kanters JK, Haugaard MM, Pedersen PJ, Carstensen H, Balling JD, Olsen LH, Buhl R. Changes in heart rate, arrhythmia frequency, and cardiac biomarker values in horses during recovery after a long-distance endurance ride.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016 May 1;248(9):1034-42.
    pubmed: 27074612doi: 10.2460/javma.248.9.1034google scholar: lookup
  34. Ducharme NG, Fortier LA, Kraus MS, Hobo S, Mohammed HO, McHugh MP, Hackett RP, Soderholm LV, Mitchell LM. Effect of a tart cherry juice blend on exercise-induced muscle damage in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2009 Jun;70(6):758-63.
    pubmed: 19496666doi: 10.2460/ajvr.70.6.758google scholar: lookup
  35. Naylor RJ, Luis-Fuentes V, Livesey L, Mobley CB, Henke N, Brock K, Fernandez-Fuente M, Piercy RJ. Evaluation of cardiac phenotype in horses with type 1 polysaccharide storage myopathy.. J Vet Intern Med 2012 Nov-Dec;26(6):1464-9.
    pubmed: 22978303doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00988.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  36. Buhl R, Peterson EE, Lindholm M. Cardiac arrythmias in standardbreds during and after racing ‐ possible association between heart size, valvular regurgitations, and arrhythmias. J Equine Vet Sci 2013;33:590–596.
  37. Rossi TM, Pyle WG, Maxie MG, Pearl DL, Physick-Sheard PW. Troponin assays in the assessment of the equine myocardium.. Equine Vet J 2014 May;46(3):270-5.
    pubmed: 24215569doi: 10.1111/evj.12209google scholar: lookup
  38. Balmelli C, Meune C, Twerenbold R, Reichlin T, Rieder S, Drexler B, Rubini MG, Mosimann T, Reiter M, Haaf P, Mueller M, Ernst S, Ballarino P, Alafify AA, Zellweger C, Wildi K, Moehring B, Vilaplana C, Bernhard D, Merk S, Ebmeyer S, Freidank H, Osswald S, Mueller C. Comparison of the performances of cardiac troponins, including sensitive assays, and copeptin in the diagnostic of acute myocardial infarction and long-term prognosis between women and men.. Am Heart J 2013 Jul;166(1):30-7.
    pubmed: 23816018doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2013.03.014google scholar: lookup
  39. Tian Y, Nie J, George KP, Huang C. Reproducibility of cardiac biomarkers response to prolonged treadmill exercise.. Biomarkers 2014 Mar;19(2):114-20.
    pubmed: 24451016doi: 10.3109/1354750x.2014.880855google scholar: lookup
  40. Klinkenberg LJ, Res PT, van Loon LJ, van Dieijen-Visser MP, Meex SJ. Strong link between basal and exercise-induced cardiac troponin T levels: do both reflect risk?. Int J Cardiol 2012 Jun 28;158(1):129-31.
    pubmed: 22560936doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.04.050google scholar: lookup
  41. Gerhardt W, Katus H, Ravkilde J, Hamm C, Jørgensen PJ, Peheim E, Ljungdahl L, Löfdahl P. S-troponin T in suspected ischemic myocardial injury compared with mass and catalytic concentrations of S-creatine kinase isoenzyme MB.. Clin Chem 1991 Aug;37(8):1405-11.
    pubmed: 1868602
  42. Kraus MS, Kaufer BB, Damiani A, Osterrieder N, Rishniw M, Schwark W, Gelzer AR, Divers TJ. Elimination half-life of intravenously administered equine cardiac troponin I in healthy ponies.. Equine Vet J 2013 Jan;45(1):56-9.
    pubmed: 22432543doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00554.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  43. Stewart GM, Yamada A, Haseler LJ, Kavanagh JJ, Chan J, Koerbin G, Wood C, Sabapathy S. Influence of exercise intensity and duration on functional and biochemical perturbations in the human heart.. J Physiol 2016 Jun 1;594(11):3031-44.
    pmc: PMC4887693pubmed: 26801350doi: 10.1113/jp271889google scholar: lookup
  44. López-Laval I, Legaz-Arrese A, George K, Serveto-Galindo O, González-Rave JM, Reverter-Masia J, Munguía-Izquierdo D. Cardiac troponin I release after a basketball match in elite, amateur and junior players.. Clin Chem Lab Med 2016 Feb;54(2):333-8.
    pubmed: 26136302doi: 10.1515/cclm-2015-0304google scholar: lookup
  45. Duttaroy S, Thorell D, Karlsson L, Börjesson M. A single-bout of one-hour spinning exercise increases troponin T in healthy subjects.. Scand Cardiovasc J 2012 Feb;46(1):2-6.
    pubmed: 22214280doi: 10.3109/14017431.2011.622783google scholar: lookup
  46. Boden LA, Charles JA, Slocombe RF, Sandy JR, Finnin PJ, Morton JM, Clarke AF. Sudden death in racing Thoroughbreds in Victoria, Australia.. Equine Vet J 2005 May;37(3):269-71.
    pubmed: 15892239doi: 10.2746/0425164054530597google scholar: lookup
  47. Physick-Sheard PW, McGurrin MK. Ventricular arrhythmias during race recovery in Standardbred Racehorses and associations with autonomic activity.. J Vet Intern Med 2010 Sep-Oct;24(5):1158-66.
    pubmed: 20584140doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0553.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  48. Begg LM, Hoffmann KL, Begg AP. Serum and plasma cardiac troponin I concentrations in clinically normal Thoroughbreds in training in Australia.. Aust Vet J 2006 Sep;84(9):336-7.
    pubmed: 16958634doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2006.00025.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  49. Phillips W, Giguère S, Franklin RP, Hernandez J, Adin D, Peloso JG. Cardiac troponin I in pastured and race-training Thoroughbred horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2003 Jul-Aug;17(4):597-9.
    pubmed: 12892316doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02486.xgoogle scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 5 times.
  1. Henderson B, Diaz M, Martins C, Kenney D, Baird JD, Arroyo LG. Valvular endocarditis in the horse: 20 cases (1993-2020). Can Vet J 2020 Dec;61(12):1290-1294.
    pubmed: 33299245
  2. Rump-Dierig I, Giers J, Frenzel C, Stöckle S, Gehlen H. Seasonal Trends in Cardiac Troponin I Concentration and Creatine Kinase and Aspartate Aminotransferase Enzyme Activity in Relation to Myocardial Velocity Rates in Eventing Horses. Animals (Basel) 2025 Nov 3;15(21).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15213198pubmed: 41227528google scholar: lookup
  3. Mehrazin H, Sakha M, Safi S. Effects of Age, Sex, and Exercise on Measurement of Serum CTnI Levels and Some Parameters Related to the Cardiovascular Capacity of Caspian Horses. Vet Med Sci 2025 Mar;11(2):e70202.
    doi: 10.1002/vms3.70202pubmed: 40065591google scholar: lookup
  4. Foreman JH, Tennent-Brown BS, Oyama MA, Sisson DD. Plasma Cardiac Troponin-I Concentration in Normal Horses and in Horses with Cardiac Abnormalities. Animals (Basel) 2025 Jan 3;15(1).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15010092pubmed: 39795035google scholar: lookup
  5. Nath LC, Saljic A, Buhl R, Elliott A, La Gerche A, Ye C, Schmidt Royal H, Lundgren Virklund K, Agbaedeng TA, Stent A, Franklin S. Histological evaluation of cardiac remodelling in equine athletes. Sci Rep 2024 Jul 19;14(1):16709.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-67621-6pubmed: 39030282google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,780 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.