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A comparison of injectable anaesthetic regimens in Mammoth asses.
Abstract: Xylazine (1.1 mg/kg body weight [bwt])-ketamine (2.2 mg/kg bwt) (X/K) anaesthesia was evaluated, in nine Mammoth asses, for effectiveness and compared with two other injectable anaesthetic combinations: xylazine (1.1 mg/kg bwt)-butorphanol (0.044 mg/kg bwt)-ketamine (2.2 mg/kg bwt) (X/B/K); and xylazine (1.1 mg/kg bwt)-tiletamine-zolazepam (1.1 mg/kg bwt) (X/T). All drugs were given intravenously (i.v.). Heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, arterial blood pH, PCO2, PO2, recumbency time and number of attempts to stand were measured. Quality of induction and recovery, muscle relaxation and response to stimulus were evaluated subjectively. One animal did not become recumbent with X/K. Recumbency times were significantly (P < 0.05) different: the shortest time was with X/K (24 mins) and the longest time with X/T (46 mins), with X/B/K, it was 37 mins. Assess required significantly more attempts to stand with X/T (n = 3) than with X/K (n = 1) or X/B/K (n = 2). No significant differences in heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, arterial PO2 or PCO2 were detected between groups. Arterial pH was significantly lower at 15 mins in the X/B/K and X/T groups than in the X/K group. Although X/K generally produced effective immobilisation, the combinations of X/B/K and X/T, appeared to be more satisfactory and relatively safe, and provided longer recumbency times and increased muscle relaxation compared with X/K.
Publication Date: 1992-02-01 PubMed ID: 9109958DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1992.tb04770.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Clinical Trial
- Journal Article
- Randomized Controlled Trial
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
The research article covers a comparison study on the effectiveness of three different injectable anaesthetic combinations on Mammoth asses. The study assessed varied outcomes like heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and recumbency times to determine which combination is most effective.
Objective of the Research
The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of three injectable anaesthetic combinations. These were xylazine-ketamine (X/K), xylazine-butorphanol-ketamine (X/B/K), and xylazine-tiletamine-zolazepam (X/T). The asses were monitored for various responses to these combinations.
Research Method
- All these drugs were administered intravenously to nine Mammoth asses.
- Possible impacts on heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, arterial blood pH, PCO2, and PO2 were measured.
- The researchers also monitored recumbency time and the number of attempts the animal took to stand up.
- Subjective evaluations were done based on the quality of induction and recovery, muscle relaxation and response to stimuli.
Results of the Study
The study revealed varying time of recumbency and number of attempts to stand among the three anaesthetic combinations:
- X/K resulted in the shortest recumbency time (24 minutes) but one animal failed to become recumbent using this combination.
- X/B/K led to a recumbency time of 37 minutes.
- The longest time of recumbency (46 minutes) was observed with X/T, which also required the asses to make significantly more attempts to stand.
Physiological Impact
The anaesthetic combinations did not lead to significant differences in heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, arterial PO2, or PCO2 among the asses. However, after 15 minutes of administration of combinations X/B/K and X/T, arterial pH was observed to be significantly lower compared to the X/K combination.
Conclusion of the Research
Based on the results, the researchers concluded that while X/K was effective in immobilizing, the combinations X/B/K and X/T were more satisfactory. They provided longer recumbency times and relatively safer with increased muscle relaxation compared to X/K.
Cite This Article
APA
Matthews NS, Taylor TS, Hartsfield SM, Williams JD.
(1992).
A comparison of injectable anaesthetic regimens in Mammoth asses.
Equine Vet J Suppl(11), 37-40.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1992.tb04770.x Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Texas Veterinary Medical Center, Texas A & M University, College Station 77843, USA.
MeSH Terms
- Anesthesia, Intravenous / veterinary
- Anesthetics, Intravenous
- Animals
- Blood Gas Analysis / veterinary
- Blood Pressure / drug effects
- Butorphanol
- Carbon Dioxide / metabolism
- Catheterization, Peripheral / veterinary
- Drug Interactions
- Equidae / physiology
- Female
- Heart Rate / drug effects
- Injections, Intravenous / veterinary
- Ketamine
- Male
- Muscle Relaxation / drug effects
- Oxygen / metabolism
- Partial Pressure
- Respiration / drug effects
- Tiletamine
- Xylazine
- Zolazepam
Citations
This article has been cited 6 times.- De Santis M, Seganfreddo S, Greco A, Normando S, Benedetti D, Mutinelli F, Contalbrigo L. Donkey Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability: A Scoping Review. Animals (Basel) 2023 Jan 25;13(3).
- Ebner L, O O, Simon B, Lizarraga I, Smith J, Cox S. Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol following intravenous and intramuscular administration in donkeys: A preliminary study. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:979794.
- Maney J, Little E, Dzikiti T. Effect of a short pre-anesthetic fast on arterial blood gas values in isoflurane-anesthetized donkeys. Can Vet J 2019 Oct;60(10):1057-1059.
- Vullo C, Carluccio A, Robbe D, Meligrana M, Petrucci L, Catone G. Guaiphenesin-ketamine-xylazine infusion to maintain anesthesia in mules undergoing field castration. Acta Vet Scand 2017 Oct 11;59(1):67.
- Regan Nee Ashley FH, Hockenhull J, Pritchard JC, Waterman-Pearson AE, Whay HR. Clinical abnormalities in working donkeys and their associations with behaviour. Vet Rec Open 2015;2(1):e000105.
- Boocock H, Flyps J, Escobar A, Redondo JI, Taylor PM, Gozalo-Marcilla M, Johnston GM, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R, Sullivan R. Donkey and Hybrid Anaesthetic Mortality in an Observational, Prospective, Multicentre Cohort Study. Animals (Basel) 2025 Jun 25;15(13).
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