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Genome biology and evolution2011; 3; 1096-1106; doi: 10.1093/gbe/evr067

A massively parallel sequencing approach uncovers ancient origins and high genetic variability of endangered Przewalski’s horses.

Abstract: The endangered Przewalski's horse is the closest relative of the domestic horse and is the only true wild horse species surviving today. The question of whether Przewalski's horse is the direct progenitor of domestic horse has been hotly debated. Studies of DNA diversity within Przewalski's horses have been sparse but are urgently needed to ensure their successful reintroduction to the wild. In an attempt to resolve the controversy surrounding the phylogenetic position and genetic diversity of Przewalski's horses, we used massively parallel sequencing technology to decipher the complete mitochondrial and partial nuclear genomes for all four surviving maternal lineages of Przewalski's horses. Unlike single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing usually affected by ascertainment bias, the present method is expected to be largely unbiased. Three mitochondrial haplotypes were discovered-two similar ones, haplotypes I/II, and one substantially divergent from the other two, haplotype III. Haplotypes I/II versus III did not cluster together on a phylogenetic tree, rejecting the monophyly of Przewalski's horse maternal lineages, and were estimated to split 0.117-0.186 Ma, significantly preceding horse domestication. In the phylogeny based on autosomal sequences, Przewalski's horses formed a monophyletic clade, separate from the Thoroughbred domestic horse lineage. Our results suggest that Przewalski's horses have ancient origins and are not the direct progenitors of domestic horses. The analysis of the vast amount of sequence data presented here suggests that Przewalski's and domestic horse lineages diverged at least 0.117 Ma but since then have retained ancestral genetic polymorphism and/or experienced gene flow.
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Publication Date: 2011-07-29 PubMed ID: 21803766PubMed Central: PMC3194890DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evr067Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study uses advanced sequencing methods to investigate the genetic diversity and phylogenetic (evolutionary) position of the endangered Przewalski’s horse, a species closely related to domestic horses. The findings suggest that Przewalski’s horses are not the direct forebears of domestic horses, but both share ancient origins, with a divergence estimated to have occurred more than 117,000 years ago.

Methodology

  • The research team used an extensive sequencing approach, called massively parallel sequencing, to decode the complete mitochondrial and partial nuclear genomes of all four existing maternal lineages of Przewalski’s horses.
  • This type of sequencing considerably surpasses single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing, which can be influenced by ascertainment bias. Massively parallel sequencing is expected to provide a less biased assessment.

Findings

  • Researchers found three mitochondrial haplotypes (groups of genes inherited from one parent) in the examined Przewalski’s horses. Two of these, haplotypes I/II, were similar, and the third, haplotype III, was substantially different from the others.
  • Contrarily to the hypothesis that Przewalski’s horses had a single point of origin (monophyly), the researchers’ phylogenetic tree did not cluster the haplotypes I/II and III together. Instead, it suggested a split between these groups 117,000-186,000 years ago, which significantly predates horse domestication.
  • When studying the phylogeny based on autosomal sequences (non-sex chromosomes), Przewalski’s horses did form a monophyletic clade, distinctly separate from the Thoroughbred domestic horse lineage. This implies that they constitute their own branch in the horse family tree.

Implications

  • The findings challenge the notion that domestic horses directly descended from Przewalski’s horses. Instead, both lineages appear to have shared ancient origins, with a divergence happening at least 117,000 years ago.
  • The researchers propose that ancestral genetic polymorphism (variability in DNA sequences) was preserved or that gene flow (transfer of genetic variations from one population to another) occurred after this split.
  • This study’s outcomes provide a more comprehensive understanding of the phylogenetic position and genetic diversity of Przewalski’s horses, insights that are critical for the species’ conservation and successful reintroduction to the wild.

Cite This Article

APA
Goto H, Ryder OA, Fisher AR, Schultz B, Kosakovsky Pond SL, Nekrutenko A, Makova KD. (2011). A massively parallel sequencing approach uncovers ancient origins and high genetic variability of endangered Przewalski’s horses. Genome Biol Evol, 3, 1096-1106. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evr067

Publication

Genome biology and evolution
ISSN: 1759-6653
NlmUniqueID: 101509707
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 3
Pages: 1096-1106

Researcher Affiliations

Goto, Hiroki
  • Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, USA.
Ryder, Oliver A
    Fisher, Allison R
      Schultz, Bryant
        Kosakovsky Pond, Sergei L
          Nekrutenko, Anton
            Makova, Kateryna D

              MeSH Terms

              • Animals
              • Animals, Wild / classification
              • Animals, Wild / genetics
              • Endangered Species
              • Evolution, Molecular
              • Female
              • Genetic Variation
              • Genome
              • Genome, Mitochondrial
              • High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing / methods
              • Horses / classification
              • Horses / genetics
              • Inbreeding
              • Male
              • Molecular Sequence Data
              • Phylogeny

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