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Frontiers in immunology2026; 17; 1774358; doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1774358

A novel oral immunotherapy strategy using transgenic barley induces Culicoides allergen-specific immune responses in horses.

Abstract: Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is a seasonal, IgE-mediated allergic dermatitis of horses caused by salivary gland proteins of biting midges ( spp.). Current management relies on relief of clinical signs and on physical protection. In a previous pilot study, healthy horses were fed transgenic barley expressing a allergen via a special spiral bit, which successfully induced allergen-specific antibody responses. Building on this concept, the present study aimed to evaluate a more practical feeding approach, delivering transgenic barley expressing the major allergen Cul o 2p in a feed-compatible paste administered from buckets. Unassigned: Twelve naïve Icelandic horses were randomized into treatment (n=6) and control (n=6) groups. The treatment group received 11.44 g of the major allergen Cul o 2p/horse across three feeding phases. Serum and saliva were analyzed for Cul o 2p-specific antibodies (IgG1, IgG4/7, IgG5, IgA, IgE) by ELISA. IgE-blocking capacity was assessed in pooled serum, and cytokine responses (IL-10, IL-4, IFN-γ) measured after re-stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Unassigned: Four of six treated horses produced Cul o 2p-specific IgG1, IgG4/7, and IgA in both serum and saliva. The induced antibodies could partly inhibit IgE binding. Elevated secretion of IFN-γ and IL-10 but no IL-4 secretion was observed in supernatants of re-stimulated PBMCs in treated horses compared to controls, reaching statistical significance for IFN-γ. No Cul o 2p-specific IgE was detected, and no adverse clinical reactions occurred during treatment. Unassigned: The feed-based approach using transgenic barley paste induced Cul o 2p-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in naïve horses, supporting its potential as a scalable and field-feasible platform for prophylactic and therapeutic applications in IBH. Clinical trials in IBH-affected horses are warranted to assess efficacy.
Copyright © 2026 von der Höden, Stefansdottir, Torsteinsdottir, Svansson, Björnsson, Wagner, Mahmuti, Marti and Jonsdottir.
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Publication Date: 2026-02-10 PubMed ID: 41743709PubMed Central: PMC12930272DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1774358Google Scholar: Lookup
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APA
von der Höden FJ, Stefansdottir SB, Torsteinsdottir S, Svansson V, Björnsson JM, Wagner B, Mahmuti D, Marti E, Jonsdottir S. (2026). A novel oral immunotherapy strategy using transgenic barley induces Culicoides allergen-specific immune responses in horses. Front Immunol, 17, 1774358. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1774358

Publication

Frontiers in immunology
ISSN: 1664-3224
NlmUniqueID: 101560960
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 17
Pages: 1774358
PII: 1774358

Researcher Affiliations

von der Höden, Fenja Johanna
  • Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Reykjavik, Iceland.
  • Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
Stefansdottir, Sara Björk
  • Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Reykjavik, Iceland.
Torsteinsdottir, Sigurbjörg
  • Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Reykjavik, Iceland.
Svansson, Vilhjalmur
  • Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Reykjavik, Iceland.
Björnsson, Jon Mar
  • ORF Genetics, Kópavogur, Iceland.
Wagner, Bettina
  • Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
Mahmuti, Dorontina
  • Clinical Immunology Group, Division of Neurological Science, Department of Clinical Research-Veterinary Public Health (VPH), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Marti, Eliane
  • Clinical Immunology Group, Division of Neurological Science, Department of Clinical Research-Veterinary Public Health (VPH), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Jonsdottir, Sigridur
  • Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Reykjavik, Iceland.
  • Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses / immunology
  • Ceratopogonidae / immunology
  • Allergens / immunology
  • Allergens / genetics
  • Desensitization, Immunologic / methods
  • Hordeum / genetics
  • Hordeum / immunology
  • Immunoglobulin E / immunology
  • Immunoglobulin E / blood
  • Insect Bites and Stings / immunology
  • Insect Bites and Stings / veterinary
  • Insect Bites and Stings / therapy
  • Horse Diseases / immunology
  • Horse Diseases / therapy
  • Plants, Genetically Modified / immunology
  • Plants, Genetically Modified / genetics
  • Insect Proteins / immunology
  • Insect Proteins / genetics
  • Administration, Oral
  • Cytokines / metabolism
  • Hypersensitivity / immunology
  • Hypersensitivity / veterinary
  • Hypersensitivity / therapy
  • Female
  • Immunoglobulin G / immunology
  • Male

Conflict of Interest Statement

J.M. Bjornsson is employed by ORF Genetics Ltd., the company responsible for producing the transgenic barley used in this study. The remaining author(s) declared that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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