A review of traditional and contemporary assays for direct and indirect detection of Equid herpesvirus 1 in clinical samples.
Abstract: Equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is one of the most economically important equine viral pathogens. Its clinical manifestations in horses vary from acute upper respiratory tract disease, abortion, or neonatal death, to neurological disease termed equine herpesviral myeloencephalopathy, which may lead to paralysis and a fatal outcome. Successful identification of EHV-1 infection in horses depends on a variety of factors such as suitable case selection with emphasis on timing of sample collection, selection of appropriate sample(s) based on the clinical manifestations, application of relevant diagnostic technique(s) and/or test(s), and careful evaluation and interpretation of laboratory results. Several traditional serologic and virus isolation assays have been described; however, these assays have inherent limitations that prevent rapid and reliable detection of EHV-1. The advent of molecular biologic techniques has revolutionized the diagnosis of infectious diseases in humans and animal species. Specifically, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays have allowed detection of nucleic acid in clinical specimens precisely and rapidly as compared to the traditional methods that detect the agent or antigen, or agent-specific antibodies in serum. The new molecular methods, especially real-time PCR, can be a very useful means of EHV-1 detection and identification. Veterinarians involved in equine practice must be aware of the advantages and disadvantages of various real-time PCR assays, interpretation of viral genetic marker(s), and latency in order to provide the best standard of care for their equine patients.
© 2015 The Author(s).
Publication Date: 2015-10-15 PubMed ID: 26472746DOI: 10.1177/1040638715605558Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
- Review
- Clinical Pathology
- Clinical Study
- Diagnosis
- Diagnostic Technique
- Disease Diagnosis
- Epidemiology
- Equine Diseases
- Equine Health
- Equine Herpesvirus
- Herpesvirus
- Horses
- Infectious Disease
- Molecular biology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Real-Time PCR
- Veterinary Care
- Veterinary Medicine
- Veterinary Procedure
- Veterinary Research
- Virology
- Virus
Summary
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This research reviews various contemporary and traditional diagnostic methods for the detection of Equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) – a significant equine viral pathogen causing a range of respiratory and neurological diseases in horses.
Introduction of the Equid Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1)
- This article starts by introducing the Equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), identifying it as a vital and economically significant equine viral pathogen.
- It further explains the negative outcomes of this virus, including respiratory issues, abortion, neonatal death, and a neurological disorder known as equine herpesviral myeloencephalopathy. The latter can cause paralysis and even lead to fatal consequences.
The Identification of EHV-1
- The successful detection of EHV-1 is influenced by multiple factors including timing of sample collection, selection of suitable samples based on clinical symptoms, application of relevant diagnostic approaches, and accurate evaluation and interpretation of lab results.
Traditional Methods of Detection
- Multiple traditional assays, including virus isolation and serologic tests have been used in past attempts to detect EHV-1. The limitations of these methods prevent their effectiveness in the quick and reliable detection of EHV-1.
Molecular Biologic Techniques
- The introduction of molecular biologic techniques has drastically improved the diagnosis of infectious diseases across both human and animal species.
- The article specifically mentions the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as an effective tool that allows for the precise and speedy detection of nucleic acid in clinical samples. This method is more sophisticated compared to traditional techniques that focus on the detection of the antigen or agent, or agent-specific antibodies in serum.
Real-Time PCR
- The article discusses the usefulness of the real-time PCR method in the detection and identification of EHV-1.
- However, as this method still has its advantages and disadvantages, veterinarians dealing with equine diseases need to be aware of how different real-time PCR assays function, how to interpret viral genetic markers, and grasp what latency is to provide the best healthcare possible for their equine patients.
Cite This Article
APA
Balasuriya UB, Crossley BM, Timoney PJ.
(2015).
A review of traditional and contemporary assays for direct and indirect detection of Equid herpesvirus 1 in clinical samples.
J Vet Diagn Invest, 27(6), 673-687.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638715605558 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Balasuriya, Timoney)California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Crossley) ubalasuriya@uky.edu.
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Balasuriya, Timoney)California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Crossley).
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Balasuriya, Timoney)California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Crossley).
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures / instrumentation
- Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures / veterinary
- Herpesviridae Infections / diagnosis
- Herpesviridae Infections / veterinary
- Herpesvirus 1, Equid / isolation & purification
- Horse Diseases / diagnosis
- Horses
Citations
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