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Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2021; 10(7); 899; doi: 10.3390/pathogens10070899

A Scoping Review of West Nile Virus Seroprevalence Studies among African Equids.

Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging and re-emerging zoonotic flavivirus first identified in and endemic to Africa. The virus is transmitted between birds by biting mosquitoes, with equids and humans being incidental hosts. The majority of infected incidental hosts display no or only mild clinical signs, but a fraction develop encephalitis. The aim of this scoping review was to identify and evaluate primary research on the presence of antibodies to WNV among African equids. Three bibliographic databases and the grey literature were searched. Of 283 articles identified, only 16 satisfied all the inclusion criteria. Data were collated on study design and outcomes. The overall seroprevalence reported ranged from 17.4 to 90.3%, with 1998 (35%) of the 5746 horses, donkeys and mules having screened positive for WNV antibodies. Several articles determined that seroprevalence increased significantly with age. Due to co-circulation of other flaviviruses in Africa, in the majority of studies that screened samples by ELISA, positive results were confirmed using a more specific neutralization test. However, only eight studies tested against other flaviviruses, including Potiskum, Uganda S, Wesselsbron and yellow fever virus in one, Japanese encephalitis and Usutu virus (USUV) in one, tick-borne encephalitis and USUV in one and USUV only in three. Equids are regarded as useful sentinel animals for WNV, but variation in study design poses challenges when trying to determine risk factors for, and trends in, WNV seroprevalence.
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Publication Date: 2021-07-15 PubMed ID: 34358049PubMed Central: PMC8308515DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070899Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research paper investigates the population of African equids (horses, donkeys, and mules) that has developed antibodies to the West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito-borne virus first identified in Africa. Out of 5,746 animals studied across 16 research articles, around 35% were found to have antibodies for WNV, signaling exposure to the virus.

Objective and Background

  • The central objective of this scoping review was to identify and appraise primary research on the existence of WNV antibodies in African equids.
  • WNV is a recurring zoonotic flavivirus, endemic in Africa, and primarily transmitted between birds through mosquito bites. Equids and humans are accidental hosts, most often showing mild or no symptoms. However, some may develop encephalitis, a severe brain inflammation.

Research Process

  • The researchers searched three bibliographic databases and reviewed grey literature to select relevant articles on WNV seroprevalence among African equids.
  • Of 283 research articles identified, only 16 met all inclusion criteria and were considered for final data synthesis.

Findings

  • Across the 16 studies included, WNV antibody seroprevalence reported varied from 17.4% to 90.3%. This range implies a significant exposure to WNV among the African equids.
  • Around 35% or 1998 out of 5746 horses, donkeys, and mules tested had positive antibodies for WNV, signifying prior exposure to the virus.
  • Several research articles suggested that seroprevalence, the presence of specific antibodies in the blood, increased with age.

Additional Tests

  • Due to the possibility of other flaviviruses circulating in Africa, a majority of studies that screened samples through ELISA (a common method for detecting specific antibodies) verified positive results using a more specific neutralization test for greater accuracy.
  • Only eight studies conducted tests against other flaviviruses like Potiskum, Uganda S, Wesselsbron, yellow fever virus, Japanese encephalitis, and Usutu virus (USUV).

Potential Challenges

  • While equids are considered valuable sentinel animals for WNV surveillance, discrepancies in study designs can cause issues in identifying risk factors and trends in WNV seroprevalence.

Cite This Article

APA
Olufemi OT, Barba M, Daly JM. (2021). A Scoping Review of West Nile Virus Seroprevalence Studies among African Equids. Pathogens, 10(7), 899. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070899

Publication

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2076-0817
NlmUniqueID: 101596317
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 7
PII: 899

Researcher Affiliations

Olufemi, Olaolu T
  • One Virology-Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
  • Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Jos, Jos 930003, Nigeria.
Barba, Marta
  • Microbiological Agents Associated with Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBio), Veterinary Faculty, University Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain.
  • Innovation Centre in Rural Bioeconomy, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Av. Montañana, 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain.
Daly, Janet M
  • One Virology-Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 4 times.
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