FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Ann Trop Med Parasitol / A survey for arboviral antibodies in sera of humans and anim...
Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology1983; 77(2); 131-137; doi: 10.1080/00034983.1983.11811687

A survey for arboviral antibodies in sera of humans and animals in Lombok, Republic of Indonesia.

Abstract: Sera were collected from humans, cattle, horses, goats, ducks, chickens, wild birds, bats and rats in Lombok, Indonesia, and were tested by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) for antibodies to JE, ZIKA, CHIK and RR. Selected sera were tested by microneutralization tests for antibodies to the following viruses: JE, ZIKA, MVE, TMU, LGT, KUN, SEP, DEN-2, CHIK, RR, GET, SIN, BUN, BAT and BAK. Human sera had JE HI antibody in 135 (30%) of 446 tested. Neutralization tests indicated that DEN-2, ZIKA, TMU, KUN and SEP may have caused flavivirus infections. Antibodies to other arboviruses tested for were not found. HI and neutralization tests on animal sera indicated possible flavivirus infections with JE, MVE, KUN and SEP, and also that infections with BAT and BUN had occurred among domestic animals. No neutralizing antibodies were found for alphaviruses or other viruses used in the tests.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 1983-04-01 PubMed ID: 6309104DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1983.11811687Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support
  • U.S. Gov't
  • Non-P.H.S.

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article involves the collection of blood serum from various animals and humans in Lombok, Indonesia with the aim of testing for antibodies against various arboviruses.

Study Participants and Methods

  • The research was conducted on the serum collected from humans and a broad range of animals like cattle, horses, goats, ducks, chickens, wild birds, bats, and rats.
  • These samples were analyzed for antibodies to four viruses (JE, ZIKA, CHIK, and RR) using a test known as the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test.
  • Selected sera were also investigated for antibodies to a wider pool of viruses using the microneutralization tests, a method for detecting specific neutralizing antibodies in blood serum which neutralizes the viral particles, preventing them from infecting the cells.

Results from Human Sera

  • The results obtained showed that 135 out of 446 human samples tested positive for the JE HI antibody. That represents roughly 30% of the tested population.
  • Antibodies indicating infections caused by flaviviruses, which are a group of viruses including DEN-2, ZIKA, TMU, KUN, and SEP, were pointed out by the microneutralization tests.
  • No antibodies for other arboviruses tested were found in the human sera.

Results from Animal Sera

  • The animal sera showed potential flavivirus infections with JE, MVE, KUN, and SEP.
  • Infections with BAT and BUN were also evident among domestic animals.
  • However, no neutralizing antibodies were found for alphaviruses or any other viruses used in the tests on animal sera.

Conclusion

  • The research indicated a considerable presence of arboviral antibodies in both humans and animals, suggesting exposure to these viruses in the surveyed population.
  • The absence of antibodies against some viruses suggests a likely immunity gap that exposes the population to potential outbreaks upon introduction of these viruses.
  • This data is crucial in tailoring interventions and disease control measures in the Lombok locality.

Cite This Article

APA
Olson JG, Ksiazek TG, Gubler DJ, Lubis SI, Simanjuntak G, Lee VH, Nalim S, Juslis K, See R. (1983). A survey for arboviral antibodies in sera of humans and animals in Lombok, Republic of Indonesia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 77(2), 131-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1983.11811687

Publication

Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology
ISSN: 0003-4983
NlmUniqueID: 2985178R
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 77
Issue: 2
Pages: 131-137

Researcher Affiliations

Olson, J G
    Ksiazek, T G
      Gubler, D J
        Lubis, S I
          Simanjuntak, G
            Lee, V H
              Nalim, S
                Juslis, K
                  See, R

                    MeSH Terms

                    • Alphavirus / immunology
                    • Animals
                    • Antibodies, Viral / analysis
                    • Birds / immunology
                    • Cattle
                    • Chickens / immunology
                    • Chiroptera / immunology
                    • Ducks / immunology
                    • Female
                    • Flavivirus / immunology
                    • Goats / immunology
                    • Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
                    • Horses / immunology
                    • Humans
                    • Indonesia
                    • Male
                    • Neutralization Tests
                    • Rats

                    Citations

                    This article has been cited 65 times.
                    1. Diptyanusa A, Herini ES, Indarjulianto S, Satoto TBT. Estimation of Japanese encephalitis virus infection prevalence in mosquitoes and bats through nationwide sentinel surveillance in Indonesia.. PLoS One 2022;17(10):e0275647.
                      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275647pubmed: 36223381google scholar: lookup
                    2. Harapan H, Panta K, Michie A, Ernst T, McCarthy S, Muhsin M, Safarianti S, Zanaria TM, Mudatsir M, Sasmono RT, Imrie A. Hyperendemic Dengue and Possible Zika Circulation in the Westernmost Region of the Indonesian Archipelago.. Viruses 2022 Jan 24;14(2).
                      doi: 10.3390/v14020219pubmed: 35215813google scholar: lookup
                    3. Diptyanusa A, Herini ES, Indarjulianto S, Satoto TBT. The detection of Japanese encephalitis virus in Megachiropteran bats in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: A potential enzootic transmission pattern in the absence of pig holdings.. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2021 Apr;14:280-286.
                      doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.03.009pubmed: 33898229google scholar: lookup
                    4. Sun H, Dickens BL, Jit M, Cook AR, Carrasco LR. Mapping the cryptic spread of the 2015-2016 global Zika virus epidemic.. BMC Med 2020 Dec 17;18(1):399.
                      doi: 10.1186/s12916-020-01845-xpubmed: 33327961google scholar: lookup
                    5. Densathaporn T, Sangthong R, Sakolnapa M, Surasombatpattana S, Kemapunmanus M, Masrinoul P, Yoksan S, McNeil EB, Chongsuvivatwong V. Survey on neutralizing antibodies against Zika virus eighteen months post-outbreak in two southern Thailand communities.. BMC Infect Dis 2020 Dec 3;20(1):921.
                      doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-05654-8pubmed: 33272192google scholar: lookup
                    6. Ma'roef CN, Dhenni R, Megawati D, Fadhilah A, Lucanus A, Artika IM, Masyeni S, Lestarini A, Sari K, Suryana K, Yudhaputri FA, Jaya UA, Sasmono RT, Ledermann JP, Powers AM, Myint KSA. Japanese encephalitis virus infection in non-encephalitic acute febrile illness patients.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020 Jul;14(7):e0008454.
                      doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008454pubmed: 32663209google scholar: lookup
                    7. Ambagala A, Truong T, Cottam-Birt C, Berhane Y, Gerdts V, Karniychuk U, Safronetz D, Babiuk S. Susceptibility of Chicken Embryos, Sheep, Cattle, Pigs, and Chickens to Zika Virus Infection.. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:23.
                      doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00023pubmed: 32118055google scholar: lookup
                    8. Putri ND, Dhenni R, Handryastuti S, Johar E, Ma'roef CN, Fadhilah A, Perma Iskandar AT, Prayitno A, Karyanti MR, Satari HI, Jumiyanti N, Aprilia YY, Sriyani IY, Dewi YP, Yudhaputri FA, Safari D, Hadinegoro SR, Rosenberg R, Powers AM, Aye Myint KS. Absence of Evidence of Zika Virus Infection in Cord Blood and Urine from Newborns with Congenital Abnormalities, Indonesia.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020 Apr;102(4):876-879.
                      doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0593pubmed: 32043460google scholar: lookup
                    9. Luo XS, Imai N, Dorigatti I. Quantifying the risk of Zika virus spread in Asia during the 2015-16 epidemic in Latin America and the Caribbean: A modeling study.. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020 Jan-Feb;33:101562.
                      doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101562pubmed: 31996323google scholar: lookup
                    10. Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Gonçalves Dias H, Marina Siqueira Maia L, Porfírio G, Oliveira Morgado T, Sabino-Santos G, Helena Santa Rita P, Teixeira Gomes Barreto W, Carvalho de Macedo G, Marinho Torres J, Arruda Gimenes Nantes W, Martins Santos F, Oliveira de Assis W, Castro Rucco A, Mamoru Dos Santos Yui R, Bosco Vilela Campos J, Rodrigues Leandro E Silva R, da Silva Ferreira R, Aparecido da Silva Neves N, Charlles de Souza Costa M, Ramos Martins L, Marques de Souza E, Dos Santos Carvalho M, Gonçalves Lima M, de Cássia Gonçalves Alves F, Humberto Guimarães Riquelme-Junior L, Luiz Batista Figueiró L, Fernandes Gomes de Santana M, Gustavo Rodrigues Oliveira Santos L, Serra Medeiros S, Lopes Seino L, Hime Miranda E, Henrique Rezende Linhares J, de Oliveira Santos V, Almeida da Silva S, Araújo Lúcio K, Silva Gomes V, de Araújo Oliveira A, Dos Santos Silva J, de Almeida Marques W, Schafer Marques M, Junior França de Barros J, Campos L, Couto-Lima D, Coutinho Netto C, Strüssmann C, Panella N, Hannon E, Cristina de Macedo B, Ramos de Almeida J, Ramos Ribeiro K, Carolina Barros de Castro M, Pratta Campos L, Paula Rosa Dos Santos A, Marino de Souza I, de Assis Bianchini M, Helena Ramiro Correa S, Ordones Baptista Luz R, Dos Santos Vieira A, Maria de Oliveira Pinto L, Azeredo E, Tadeu Moraes Figueiredo L, Augusto Fonseca Alencar J, Maria Barbosa de Lima S, Miraglia Herrera H, Dezengrini Shlessarenko R, Barreto Dos Santos F, Maria Bispo de Filippis A, Salyer S, Montgomery J, Komar N. Zika Virus Surveillance at the Human-Animal Interface in West-Central Brazil, 2017-2018.. Viruses 2019 Dec 16;11(12).
                      doi: 10.3390/v11121164pubmed: 31888285google scholar: lookup
                    11. Hossain MG, Nazir KHMNH, Saha S, Rahman MT. Zika virus: A possible emerging threat for Bangladesh!. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019 Dec;6(4):575-582.
                      doi: 10.5455/javar.2019.f385pubmed: 31819889google scholar: lookup
                    12. Österlund P, Jiang M, Westenius V, Kuivanen S, Järvi R, Kakkola L, Lundberg R, Melén K, Korva M, Avšič-Županc T, Vapalahti O, Julkunen I. Asian and African lineage Zika viruses show differential replication and innate immune responses in human dendritic cells and macrophages.. Sci Rep 2019 Oct 31;9(1):15710.
                      doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52307-1pubmed: 31673117google scholar: lookup
                    13. Liang T, Liu X, Qu S, Lv J, Yang L, Zhang D. Pathogenicity of egg-type duck-origin isolate of Tembusu virus in Pekin ducklings.. BMC Vet Res 2019 Oct 24;15(1):362.
                      doi: 10.1186/s12917-019-2136-xpubmed: 31651323google scholar: lookup
                    14. Sornjai W, Ramphan S, Wikan N, Auewarakul P, Smith DR. High correlation between Zika virus NS1 antibodies and neutralizing antibodies in selected serum samples from normal healthy Thais.. Sci Rep 2019 Sep 18;9(1):13498.
                      doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49569-0pubmed: 31534148google scholar: lookup
                    15. Schwarz ER, Pozor MA, Pu R, Barr KL, Beachboard SE, MacLachlan NJ, Prakoso D, Long MT. Experimental Infection of Pregnant Female Sheep with Zika Virus During Early Gestation.. Viruses 2019 Aug 29;11(9).
                      doi: 10.3390/v11090795pubmed: 31470560google scholar: lookup
                    16. Harapan H, Rajamoorthy Y, Utomo PS, Anwar S, Setiawan AM, Alleta A, Bambang A, Ramadana MR, Ikram I, Wahyuniati N, Maulana R, Ichsan I, Indah R, Wagner AL, Kuch U, Groneberg DA, Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Andalas M, Müller R, Mudatsir M, Imrie A. Knowledge and attitude towards pregnancy-related issues of Zika virus infection among general practitioners in Indonesia.. BMC Infect Dis 2019 Aug 6;19(1):693.
                      doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-4297-4pubmed: 31387537google scholar: lookup
                    17. Branche E, Simon AY, Sheets N, Kim K, Barker D, Nguyen AT, Sahota H, Young MP, Salgado R, Mamidi A, Viramontes KM, Carnelley T, Qiu H, Elong Ngono A, Regla-Nava JA, Susantono MX, Valls Cuevas JM, Kennedy K, Kodihalli S, Shresta S. Human Polyclonal Antibodies Prevent Lethal Zika Virus Infection in Mice.. Sci Rep 2019 Jul 8;9(1):9857.
                      doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46291-9pubmed: 31285451google scholar: lookup
                    18. Sharp TM, Fischer M, Muñoz-Jordán JL, Paz-Bailey G, Staples JE, Gregory CJ, Waterman SH. Dengue and Zika Virus Diagnostic Testing for Patients with a Clinically Compatible Illness and Risk for Infection with Both Viruses.. MMWR Recomm Rep 2019 Jun 14;68(1):1-10.
                      doi: 10.15585/mmwr.rr6801a1pubmed: 31194720google scholar: lookup
                    19. Souza INO, Barros-Aragão FGQ, Frost PS, Figueiredo CP, Clarke JR. Late Neurological Consequences of Zika Virus Infection: Risk Factors and Pharmaceutical Approaches.. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019 Apr 17;12(2).
                      doi: 10.3390/ph12020060pubmed: 30999590google scholar: lookup
                    20. Gutiérrez-Bugallo G, Piedra LA, Rodriguez M, Bisset JA, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Weaver SC, Vasilakis N, Vega-Rúa A. Vector-borne transmission and evolution of Zika virus.. Nat Ecol Evol 2019 Apr;3(4):561-569.
                      doi: 10.1038/s41559-019-0836-zpubmed: 30886369google scholar: lookup
                    21. Harapan H, Michie A, Mudatsir M, Nusa R, Yohan B, Wagner AL, Sasmono RT, Imrie A. Chikungunya virus infection in Indonesia: a systematic review and evolutionary analysis.. BMC Infect Dis 2019 Mar 12;19(1):243.
                      doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-3857-ypubmed: 30866835google scholar: lookup
                    22. Fagre AC, Kading RC. Can Bats Serve as Reservoirs for Arboviruses?. Viruses 2019 Mar 3;11(3).
                      doi: 10.3390/v11030215pubmed: 30832426google scholar: lookup
                    23. Beck C, Leparc-Goffart I, Desoutter D, Debergé E, Bichet H, Lowenski S, Dumarest M, Gonzalez G, Migné C, Vanhomwegen J, Zientara S, Durand B, Lecollinet S. Serological evidence of infection with dengue and Zika viruses in horses on French Pacific Islands.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019 Feb;13(2):e0007162.
                      doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007162pubmed: 30730887google scholar: lookup
                    24. Kumar K, Arshad SS, Toung OP, Abba Y, Selvarajah GT, Abu J, A R Y, Ong BL, Bande F. The distribution of important sero-complexes of flaviviruses in Malaysia.. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019 Mar;51(3):495-506.
                      doi: 10.1007/s11250-018-01786-xpubmed: 30604332google scholar: lookup
                    25. Moser LA, Boylan BT, Moreira FR, Myers LJ, Svenson EL, Fedorova NB, Pickett BE, Bernard KA. Growth and adaptation of Zika virus in mammalian and mosquito cells.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018 Nov;12(11):e0006880.
                      doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006880pubmed: 30418969google scholar: lookup
                    26. Lee H, Nguyen MP, Choi Y, Kim YH. Minimum InDel pattern analysis of the Zika virus.. BMC Genomics 2018 Jul 13;19(1):535.
                      doi: 10.1186/s12864-018-4935-zpubmed: 30005607google scholar: lookup
                    27. Acosta-Ampudia Y, Monsalve DM, Castillo-Medina LF, Rodríguez Y, Pacheco Y, Halstead S, Willison HJ, Anaya JM, Ramírez-Santana C. Autoimmune Neurological Conditions Associated With Zika Virus Infection.. Front Mol Neurosci 2018;11:116.
                      doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00116pubmed: 29695953google scholar: lookup
                    28. Vielle NJ, Zumkehr B, García-Nicolás O, Blank F, Stojanov M, Musso D, Baud D, Summerfield A, Alves MP. Silent infection of human dendritic cells by African and Asian strains of Zika virus.. Sci Rep 2018 Apr 3;8(1):5440.
                      doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23734-3pubmed: 29615676google scholar: lookup
                    29. Stone D, Lyons AC, Huang YS, Vanlandingham DL, Higgs S, Blitvich BJ, Adesiyun AA, Santana SE, Leiser-Miller L, Cheetham S. Serological evidence of widespread exposure of Grenada fruit bats to chikungunya virus.. Zoonoses Public Health 2018 Aug;65(5):505-511.
                      doi: 10.1111/zph.12460pubmed: 29575672google scholar: lookup
                    30. Smith DR, Sprague TR, Hollidge BS, Valdez SM, Padilla SL, Bellanca SA, Golden JW, Coyne SR, Kulesh DA, Miller LJ, Haddow AD, Koehler JW, Gromowski GD, Jarman RG, Alera MTP, Yoon IK, Buathong R, Lowen RG, Kane CD, Minogue TD, Bavari S, Tesh RB, Weaver SC, Linthicum KJ, Pitt ML, Nasar F. African and Asian Zika Virus Isolates Display Phenotypic Differences Both In Vitro and In Vivo.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018 Feb;98(2):432-444.
                      doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0685pubmed: 29280428google scholar: lookup
                    31. Zmurko J, Vasey DB, Donald CL, Armstrong AA, McKee ML, Kohl A, Clayton RF. Mitigating the risk of Zika virus contamination of raw materials and cell lines in the manufacture of biologicals.. J Gen Virol 2018 Feb;99(2):219-229.
                      doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.000995pubmed: 29239715google scholar: lookup
                    32. Ishtiaq F. A Call to Introduce Structured Zika Surveillance in India.. Trends Parasitol 2018 Feb;34(2):92-95.
                      doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.10.008pubmed: 29153262google scholar: lookup
                    33. Leder K, Grobusch MP, Gautret P, Chen LH, Kuhn S, Lim PL, Yates J, McCarthy AE, Rothe C, Kato Y, Bottieau E, Huber K, Schwartz E, Stauffer W, Malvy D, Shaw MTM, Rapp C, Blumberg L, Jensenius M, van Genderen PJJ, Hamer DH. Zika beyond the Americas: Travelers as sentinels of Zika virus transmission. A GeoSentinel analysis, 2012 to 2016.. PLoS One 2017;12(10):e0185689.
                      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185689pubmed: 28973011google scholar: lookup
                    34. Yudhaputri FA, Trimarsanto H, Perkasa A, Yohan B, Haryanto S, Wiyatno A, Soebandrio A, Myint KS, Ledermann JP, Rosenberg R, Powers AM, Sasmono RT. Genomic characterization of Zika virus isolated from Indonesia.. Virology 2017 Oct;510:248-251.
                      doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.07.026pubmed: 28755588google scholar: lookup
                    35. Lim SK, Lim JK, Yoon IK. An Update on Zika Virus in Asia.. Infect Chemother 2017 Jun;49(2):91-100.
                      doi: 10.3947/ic.2017.49.2.91pubmed: 28681575google scholar: lookup
                    36. Posen HJ, Keystone JS, Gubbay JB, Morris SK. Epidemiology of Zika virus, 1947-2007.. BMJ Glob Health 2016;1(2):e000087.
                      doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2016-000087pubmed: 28588942google scholar: lookup
                    37. Kenney JL, Romo H, Duggal NK, Tzeng WP, Burkhalter KL, Brault AC, Savage HM. Transmission Incompetence of Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex pipiens pipiens from North America for Zika Virus.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017 May;96(5):1235-1240.
                      doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0865pubmed: 28500817google scholar: lookup
                    38. Tsunoda I, Omura S, Sato F, Kusunoki S, Fujita M, Park AM, Hasanovic F, Yanagihara R, Nagata S. Neuropathogenesis of Zika Virus Infection : Potential Roles of Antibody-Mediated Pathology.. Acta Med Kinki Univ 2016;41(2):37-52.
                      pubmed: 28428682
                    39. Weber DS, Alroy KA, Scheiner SM. Phylogenetic Insight into Zika and Emerging Viruses for a Perspective on Potential Hosts.. Ecohealth 2017 Jun;14(2):214-218.
                      doi: 10.1007/s10393-017-1237-xpubmed: 28421292google scholar: lookup
                    40. Yun SI, Lee YM. Zika virus: An emerging flavivirus.. J Microbiol 2017 Mar;55(3):204-219.
                      doi: 10.1007/s12275-017-7063-6pubmed: 28243937google scholar: lookup
                    41. Armstrong N, Hou W, Tang Q. Biological and historical overview of Zika virus.. World J Virol 2017 Feb 12;6(1):1-8.
                      doi: 10.5501/wjv.v6.i1.1pubmed: 28239566google scholar: lookup
                    42. Paul LM, Carlin ER, Jenkins MM, Tan AL, Barcellona CM, Nicholson CO, Michael SF, Isern S. Dengue virus antibodies enhance Zika virus infection.. Clin Transl Immunology 2016 Dec;5(12):e117.
                      doi: 10.1038/cti.2016.72pubmed: 28090318google scholar: lookup
                    43. Bueno MG, Martinez N, Abdalla L, Duarte Dos Santos CN, Chame M. Animals in the Zika Virus Life Cycle: What to Expect from Megadiverse Latin American Countries.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016 Dec;10(12):e0005073.
                      doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005073pubmed: 28005902google scholar: lookup
                    44. Althouse BM, Vasilakis N, Sall AA, Diallo M, Weaver SC, Hanley KA. Potential for Zika Virus to Establish a Sylvatic Transmission Cycle in the Americas.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016 Dec;10(12):e0005055.
                      doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005055pubmed: 27977671google scholar: lookup
                    45. Kindhauser MK, Allen T, Frank V, Santhana RS, Dye C. Zika: the origin and spread of a mosquito-borne virus.. Bull World Health Organ 2016 Sep 1;94(9):675-686C.
                      doi: 10.2471/BLT.16.171082pubmed: 27708473google scholar: lookup
                    46. Klase ZA, Khakhina S, Schneider Ade B, Callahan MV, Glasspool-Malone J, Malone R. Zika Fetal Neuropathogenesis: Etiology of a Viral Syndrome.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016 Aug;10(8):e0004877.
                      doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004877pubmed: 27560129google scholar: lookup
                    47. Lessler J, Chaisson LH, Kucirka LM, Bi Q, Grantz K, Salje H, Carcelen AC, Ott CT, Sheffield JS, Ferguson NM, Cummings DA, Metcalf CJ, Rodriguez-Barraquer I. Assessing the global threat from Zika virus.. Science 2016 Aug 12;353(6300):aaf8160.
                      doi: 10.1126/science.aaf8160pubmed: 27417495google scholar: lookup
                    48. Waddell LA, Greig JD. Scoping Review of the Zika Virus Literature.. PLoS One 2016;11(5):e0156376.
                      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156376pubmed: 27244249google scholar: lookup
                    49. Saiz JC, Vázquez-Calvo Á, Blázquez AB, Merino-Ramos T, Escribano-Romero E, Martín-Acebes MA. Zika Virus: the Latest Newcomer.. Front Microbiol 2016;7:496.
                      doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00496pubmed: 27148186google scholar: lookup
                    50. Slavov SN, Otaguiri KK, Kashima S, Covas DT. Overview of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in regards to the Brazilian epidemic.. Braz J Med Biol Res 2016;49(5):e5420.
                      doi: 10.1590/1414-431X20165420pubmed: 27143174google scholar: lookup
                    51. Shen S, Shi J, Wang J, Tang S, Wang H, Hu Z, Deng F. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the central roles of two African countries in the evolution and worldwide spread of Zika virus.. Virol Sin 2016 Apr;31(2):118-30.
                      doi: 10.1007/s12250-016-3774-9pubmed: 27129451google scholar: lookup
                    52. Gyawali N, Bradbury RS, Taylor-Robinson AW. The global spread of Zika virus: is public and media concern justified in regions currently unaffected?. Infect Dis Poverty 2016 Apr 19;5:37.
                      doi: 10.1186/s40249-016-0132-ypubmed: 27093860google scholar: lookup
                    53. Fellner C. Zika Virus: Anatomy of a Global Health Crisis.. P T 2016 Apr;41(4):242-53.
                      pubmed: 27069344
                    54. Musso D, Gubler DJ. Zika Virus.. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016 Jul;29(3):487-524.
                      doi: 10.1128/CMR.00072-15pubmed: 27029595google scholar: lookup
                    55. Chan JF, Choi GK, Yip CC, Cheng VC, Yuen KY. Zika fever and congenital Zika syndrome: An unexpected emerging arboviral disease.. J Infect 2016 May;72(5):507-24.
                      doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.011pubmed: 26940504google scholar: lookup
                    56. Malone RW, Homan J, Callahan MV, Glasspool-Malone J, Damodaran L, Schneider Ade B, Zimler R, Talton J, Cobb RR, Ruzic I, Smith-Gagen J, Janies D, Wilson J. Zika Virus: Medical Countermeasure Development Challenges.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016 Mar;10(3):e0004530.
                      doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004530pubmed: 26934531google scholar: lookup
                    57. Christofferson RC. Zika Virus Emergence and Expansion: Lessons Learned from Dengue and Chikungunya May Not Provide All the Answers.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016 Jul 6;95(1):15-8.
                      doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0866pubmed: 26903610google scholar: lookup
                    58. Waggoner JJ, Pinsky BA. Zika Virus: Diagnostics for an Emerging Pandemic Threat.. J Clin Microbiol 2016 Apr;54(4):860-7.
                      doi: 10.1128/JCM.00279-16pubmed: 26888897google scholar: lookup
                    59. Tappe D, Nachtigall S, Kapaun A, Schnitzler P, Günther S, Schmidt-Chanasit J. Acute Zika virus infection after travel to Malaysian Borneo, September 2014.. Emerg Infect Dis 2015 May;21(5):911-3.
                      doi: 10.3201/eid2105.141960pubmed: 25898277google scholar: lookup
                    60. Myint KS, Kosasih H, Artika IM, Perkasa A, Puspita M, Ma'roef CN, Antonjaya U, Ledermann JP, Powers AM, Alisjahbana B. West Nile virus documented in Indonesia from acute febrile illness specimens.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014 Feb;90(2):260-2.
                      doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0445pubmed: 24420775google scholar: lookup
                    61. O'Guinn ML, Turell MJ, Kengluecha A, Jaichapor B, Kankaew P, Miller RS, Endy TP, Jones JW, Coleman RE, Lee JS. Field detection of Tembusu virus in western Thailand by rt-PCR and vector competence determination of select culex mosquitoes for transmission of the virus.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013 Nov;89(5):1023-8.
                      doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0160pubmed: 24043687google scholar: lookup
                    62. Schuh AJ, Guzman H, Tesh RB, Barrett AD. Genetic diversity of Japanese encephalitis virus isolates obtained from the Indonesian archipelago between 1974 and 1987.. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2013 Jul;13(7):479-88.
                      doi: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0870pubmed: 23590316google scholar: lookup
                    63. Haddow AD, Schuh AJ, Yasuda CY, Kasper MR, Heang V, Huy R, Guzman H, Tesh RB, Weaver SC. Genetic characterization of Zika virus strains: geographic expansion of the Asian lineage.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012;6(2):e1477.
                      doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001477pubmed: 22389730google scholar: lookup
                    64. Su J, Li S, Hu X, Yu X, Wang Y, Liu P, Lu X, Zhang G, Hu X, Liu D, Li X, Su W, Lu H, Mok NS, Wang P, Wang M, Tian K, Gao GF. Duck egg-drop syndrome caused by BYD virus, a new Tembusu-related flavivirus.. PLoS One 2011 Mar 24;6(3):e18106.
                      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018106pubmed: 21455312google scholar: lookup
                    65. Hayes EB. Zika virus outside Africa.. Emerg Infect Dis 2009 Sep;15(9):1347-50.
                      doi: 10.3201/eid1509.090442pubmed: 19788800google scholar: lookup
                    Subscribe to our newsletter
                    Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.