A survey of ocular ultrasound abnormalities in horse: 145 cases.
Abstract: To describe the association of clinical and ultrasonographic (US) findings in horses affected by visual impairments, to estimate the most frequent ultrasonographic alteration as well importance and limits of US as a part of ophthalmic evaluation in equine patients. Methods: One-hundred-forty-five horses referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospitals of the University of Perugia and Camerino for ocular problems were submitted to ophthalmic examination and ocular ultrasound. The following group of abnormalities was established: corneal alteration, cataract, synechiae, iris prolapse, anterior chamber alterations, vitreous opacities, globe reduction, globe enlargement, retinal detachment, lens subluxation/luxation, lens rupture, intraocular masses, retrobulbar masses. Specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive value and related 95% confidence interval were calculated. Kappa value was estimated for concordance evaluation. Results: A total of 384 clinical alterations were observed during ophthalmological examination, while 357 were found by ultrasound investigation. A very good agreement was found for lens subluxation/luxation, intraocular masses, iris prolapse, globe enlargement, lens rupture, vitreous opacities and cataract. Moderate agreement was found for retinal detachment, anterior chamber alterations and synechiae. Corneal alteration and globe reduction resulted in a fair and poor agreement, respectively. Conclusions: Ultrasonography affords the benefit of providing a complete cross-sectional view of the eyeball, facilitating the identification of ocular diseases in cases of loss of transparency of ocular media. It also represents an indispensable aid whenever anterior opacification precludes the use of ophthalmoscopic or biomicroscopic examination techniques. Descrivere l’associazione tra reperti clinici ed ultrasonografici in cavalli affetti da alterazioni della visione, valutare i più frequenti reperti ultrasonografici e l’importanza ed i limiti dell’ultrasonografia come parte della valutazione oftalmologica nel cavallo. Centoquarantacinque cavalli riferiti all’ospedale Veterinario Didattico dell’Università di Perugia e di Camerino per patologie oculari sono stati sottoposti a valutazione clinica e a ultrasonografia oculare. Le alterazioni sono state suddivise nelle seguenti categorie: lesioni corneali, cataratta, sinechie, prolasso dell’iride, alterazioni della camera anteriore, opacità vitreali, riduzione dimensioni globo, aumento dimensioni globo, distacco retinico, lussazione/sublussazione del cristallino, rottura della lente, masse intraoculari, masse retrobulbari. Sono stati calcolati specificità, sensibilità, valore predittivo positivo (VPP) e negativo (VPN) con i relativi intervalli di confidenza (95%). La concordanza è stata valutata per mezzo del k-value. Sono state riscontrate un totale di 384 lesioni all’esame clinico e 357 a quello ultrasonografico. Concordanza eccellente è stata riscontrata per lussazione/sublussazione del cristallino, masse intraoculari, prolasso dell’iride, aumento di volume del globo, rottura della lente, opacità vitreali e cataratta. Concordanza moderata per distacco retinico, alterazioni della camera anteriore e sinechie. Le alterazioni corneali e la riduzione delle dimensioni del globo avevano concordanza rispettivamente pari a modesta e scarsa. L’ultrasonografia ha il vantaggio di fornire una visione completa della sezione dell’occhio facilitando l’identificazione di patologie causanti perdita di trasparenza delle strutture oculari. Rappresenta quindi un ausilio indispensabile nel caso di opacizzazione delle strutture anteriori che impediscono l’esecuzione di un corretto esame oftalmoscopico o biomicroscopico.
Publication Date: 2018-02-28 PubMed ID: 29492841PubMed Central: PMC5845941DOI: 10.1007/s40477-018-0284-7Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
The research examines the efficacy of ultrasonography in identifying ocular abnormalities in horses, with an emphasis on its advantages in cases where other examination methods are ineffective due to loss of ocular transparency.
Objective and Methodology
- This study aimed to describe and evaluate the correlation between clinical findings and ultrasonographic images in horse patients suffering from vision issues.
- The researchers looked at 145 horses that were referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospitals of the University of Perugia and Camerino due to ocular issues.
- Each horse was subjected to an ophthalmic examination coupled with an ocular ultrasound.
- Various categories of ocular abnormalities were established, such as corneal alteration, cataracts, synechiae, iris prolapse, vitreous opacities, globe reduction, and several others.
- Various statistical measures like specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive value were utilized to analyze and interpret the data; kappa value was used to evaluate agreement or concordance between the methods.
Findings
- A total of 384 clinical alterations were observed during the ophthalmology examination.
- In contrast, 357 similar irregularities were detected through the ultrasound investigation.
- A very good agreement was found between the two methods for several types of diseases such as lens subluxation/luxation, intraocular masses, vitreous opacities, and cataracts.
- However, a moderate agreement was observed for retinal detachment, anterior chamber alterations, and synechiae.
- Corneal alteration and globe reduction showed a fair and poor agreement, respectively, indicating discrepancies between the diagnostic methods for these conditions.
Conclusion
- The results revealed that ultrasonography offers the benefit of giving a complete cross-sectional view of the eyeball, which is particularly useful in identifying ocular diseases that result in loss of transparency of the eye tissues.
- It is a crucial aid, especially when other examination methods such as ophthalmoscopic or biomicroscopic techniques cannot be employed due to anterior opacification of the eye.
Cite This Article
APA
Gialletti R, Marchegiani A, Valeriani T, Nannarone S, Beccati F, Fruganti A, Laus F.
(2018).
A survey of ocular ultrasound abnormalities in horse: 145 cases.
J Ultrasound, 21(1), 53-59.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40477-018-0284-7 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy.
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024, Matelica (Macerata), Italy.
- Freelance Pratictioner, Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy.
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024, Matelica (Macerata), Italy. alessandro.fruganti@unicam.it.
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024, Matelica (Macerata), Italy.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Eye / diagnostic imaging
- Eye Diseases / diagnostic imaging
- Eye Diseases / veterinary
- Female
- Horse Diseases / diagnostic imaging
- Horses
- Male
- Ultrasonography
Conflict of Interest Statement
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. ETHICAL APPROVAL: All the described animal-related procedures were conducted according to Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22nd September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes (Article 1, Paragraph 1, Letter b), the Italian legislation (D. Lgs. n. 26/2014, Article 2, Paragraph 1, Letter b), which does not require any approval by the competent Authorities. INFORMED CONSENT: Informed consent form was obtained from all the owners participating in the study.
References
This article includes 26 references
- Scotty NC, Cutler TJ, Brooks DE. Diagnostic ultrasonography of equine lens and posterior segment abnormalities.. Vet Ophthalmol 2004;7:127–139.
- Michau TM. Ocular equine examination: basic and advanced diagnostic techniques.. In: Gilger BC, editor. Equine Ophthalmology. St. Louis: Saunders; 2005. pp. 1–62.
- Dietrich UM. Ophthalmic examination and diagnostic, part 3: diagnostic ultrasonography.. In: Gelatt KN, editor. Veterinary ophthalmology. 4. Oxford: Blackwell; 2007. pp. 507–519.
- Laus F, Paggi E, Marchegiani A. Ultrasonographic biometry of the eyes of healthy adult donkeys.. Vet Rec 2014;174:326–328.
- Marchegiani A, Fruganti A, Cerquetella M, Cassarani MP, Laus F, Spaterna A. Penetrating palpebral grass awn in a dog. Unusual case of a penetrating grass awn in an eyelid.. J Ultrasound 2017;20:81–84.
- Schott ML, Pierog JE, Williams SR. Pitfalls in the use of ocular ultrasound for evaluation of acute vision loss.. J Emerg Med 2013;44:1136–1139.
- Blaivas M, Theodoro D, Sierzenski PR. A study of bedside ocular ultrasonography in the emergency department.. Acad Emerg Med 2002;9:791–799.
- Vrablik ME, Snead GR, Minnigan HJ. The diagnostic accuracy of bedside ocular ultrasonography for the diagnosis of retinal detachment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. Ann Emerg Med 2014;65:199–203.
- Reef VB. Equine diagnostic ultrasound.. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1998.
- Withcomb MB. How to diagnose ocular abormalities with ultrasound.. In: Proceeding of American Association of Equine Practitioner, Orlando, Florida, USA, December 4 to 8. pp 272–275.
- Woo MY, Hecht N, Hurley B. Test characteristics of point-of-care ultrasonography for the diagnosis of acute posterior ocular pathology.. Can J Ophthalmol 2016;51:336–341.
- Shinar Z, Chan L, Orlinsky M. Use of ocular ultrasound for the evaluation of retinal detachment.. J Emerg Med 2011;40:53–57.
- McMullen RJ, Gilger BC. Keratometry, biometry and prediction of intraocular lens power in the equine eye.. Vet Ophthalmol 2006;9:357–360.
- Abramson JH. WINPEPI updated: computer programs for epidemiologists, and their teaching potential.. Epidemiol Perspect Innov 2011;8:1–9.
- Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data.. Biometrics 1977;33:159–174.
- Seco Diaz O. Ultrasound of the equine eye and adnexa and clinical applications.. Clin Tech Equine Pract 2004;3:317–325.
- Brooks DE, Matthews AG. Equine ophthalmology.. In: Gelatt KN, editor. Veterinary ophthalmology. 4. Oxford: Blackwell; 2007. pp. 1165–1274.
- Gerding JC, Gilger BC. Prognosis and impact of equine recurrent uveitis.. Equine Vet J 2016;48:290–298.
- Gallhoefer NS, Bentley E, Ruetten M. Comparison of ultrasonography and histologic examination for identification of ocular diseases of animals: 113 cases (2000–2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013;243:376–388.
- Bentley E, Miller PE, Diehl KA. Use of high-resolution ultrasound as a diagnostic tool in veterinary ophthalmology.. JAVMA 2003;223:1617–1622.
- Reminick L, Finger P, Ritch R. Ultrasound biomicroscopy in the diagnosis and management of anterior segment tumors.. J Am Optom Assoc 1998;69:575–581.
- Pavlin C, Foster F. Ultrasound biomicroscopy: high-frequency ultrasound imaging of the eye at microscopic resolution.. Radiol Clin North Am 1998;36:1047–1058.
- Deschenes J, Mansour M, Rudzinski M. Ultrasound and ultrasound biomicroscopy as a diagnostic tool.. Dev Ophthalmol 1999;31:14–21.
- Marigo F, Esaki K, Finger P. Differential diagnosis of anterior segment cysts by ultrasound biomicroscopy.. Ophthalmology 1999;106:2131–2135.
- Ritch R, Liebmann J. Role of ultrasound biomicroscopy in the differentiation of block glaucomas.. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 1999;9:39–45.
- Matthews AG. Eye examination as part of the equine prepurchase examination.. Equine Vet Educ 2016;28:566–591.
Use Nutrition Calculator
Check if your horse's diet meets their nutrition requirements with our easy-to-use tool Check your horse's diet with our easy-to-use tool
Talk to a Nutritionist
Discuss your horse's feeding plan with our experts over a free phone consultation Discuss your horse's diet over a phone consultation
Submit Diet Evaluation
Get a customized feeding plan for your horse formulated by our equine nutritionists Get a custom feeding plan formulated by our nutritionists