FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Equine Vet J / Abnormal cleavage patterns in equine in vitro-produced embry...
Equine veterinary journal2025; doi: 10.1111/evj.70004

Abnormal cleavage patterns in equine in vitro-produced embryos lead to higher early pregnancy loss.

Abstract: Despite significant advances, in vitro production (IVP) of equine embryos continues to lack standardised embryo classification criteria and is associated with increased rates of early pregnancy loss compared with in vivo-derived blastocysts. Objective: To evaluate morphokinetic characteristics of the first mitotic division and early embryonic development in IVP blastocysts and their association with embryo development, as well as pregnancy rate and early pregnancy loss following embryo transfer. Methods: Retrospective analysis of archived material and clinical records. Methods: We retrospectively analysed morphokinetic characteristics of transferred IVP embryos with known pregnancy outcomes as well as those from arrested embryos. We analysed time-lapse images of 70 transferred embryos and 114 arrested embryos to identify and compare the frequency of abnormalities during the first mitotic division (cleavage patterns) and recorded the time to vitrification or arrest. A logistic regression model with a logit link was used to evaluate pregnancy success at 14 days and early pregnancy loss (EPL) at 25 and 42 days in relation to the recorded morphokinetic characteristics in SAS. Results: Earlier vitrification (which corresponds to the time to blastocyst formation) increased the odds of pregnancy at 14 days and decreased pregnancy loss until 25 days, but not between 25 and 42 days. Abnormal cleavage patterns decreased the odds of pregnancy and increased the odds of EPL, with embryos exhibiting abnormal cleavage patterns showing a 53.3% total EPL rate compared with 22.6% for normal cleavage patterns (p < 0.05). Conclusions: While our analysis provides sufficient statistical power to draw conclusions regarding the main objectives, increasing the number of embryo transfers could reveal additional interactions among morphokinetic characteristics that influence pregnancy success. Conclusions: Overall, we demonstrated a relationship between cleavage patterns during the first mitotic division, time to blastocyst formation, pregnancy rate and early pregnancy loss risk for equine IVP embryos. These features can serve as a classification method to identify and select embryos with higher pregnancy potential for transfer, contributing to reducing the gap in pregnancy rates between in vivo and in vitro-produced embryos. Background: Malgré des avancées significatives, la production in vitro (IVP) d'embryons équins manque toujours de critères de classification embryonnaire standardisés et demeure associée à des taux élevés de perte de gestation précoce comparativement aux blastocystes produits in vivo. Objective: Évaluer les caractéristiques morpho‐cinétiques de la première division mitotique et du développement embryonnaire précoce de blastocystes IVP de même que leur association au développement embryonnaire, taux de gestation et de perte de gestation précoce suivant un transfert d'embryon. TYPE D'ÉTUDE: Analyses rétrospective de matériel archivé et de dossiers médicaux. MÉTHODES: Les caractéristiques morpho‐cinétiques d'embryons IVP transférés avec résultats de gestation connus ont été analysées de même que celles provenant d'embryons arrêtés. Des images espacées de 70 embryons transférés et 114 embryons arrêtés ont été analysées afin d'identifier et comparer la fréquence d'anomalies durant la première division mitotique (patrons de clivage) et le temps de vitrification ou d'arrêt a été enregistré. Un modèle de régression logistique avec un lien logit a été utilisé pour évaluer le succès de gestation à 14 jours et de perte de gestation précoce à 25 et 42 jours par rapport aux caractéristiques morpho‐cinétiques enregistrés dans SAS. RÉSULTATS: Une vitrification précoce (qui correspond au temps de formation du blastocyste) augmente les chances de gestation à 14 jours et diminue la perte de gestation jusqu'à jour 25, ce qui n'est pas le cas entre jours 25 et 42. Les patrons de clivage anormaux diminuent les chances de gestation et augmentent les chances de perte de gestation précoce. Les embryons avec patrons de clivage anormaux montraient un taux total de perte de gestation précoce de 53.3.% comparativement à 22.6% pour les patrons de clivage normaux (P < 0.05). Unassigned: Alors que notre analyse possède suffisamment de pouvoir statistique pour tirer des conclusions par rapport aux objectifs primaires, un nombre supérieur de transferts d'embryons pourrait révéler des interactions additionnelles en termes de caractéristiques morpho‐cinétiques influençant les succès de gestation. Conclusions: Somme toute, nous avons démontré une relation entre les patrons de clivage durant la première division mitotique, le temps de formation du blastocyste, le taux de gestation et le risque de perte de gestation précoce pour des embryons IVP équins. Ces caractéristiques peuvent servir comme méthode de classification afin d'identifier et sélectionner des embryons ayant un potentiel de gestation supérieur pour un transfert, contribuant à réduire la marge de taux de gestation entre les embryons produits in vivo et in vitro.
© 2025 The Author(s). Equine Veterinary Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of EVJ Ltd.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2025-07-31 PubMed ID: 40745891DOI: 10.1111/evj.70004Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research studied how abnormal cleavage patterns in horse embryos produced in a lab setting can lead to higher rates of early pregnancy loss.

Background

  • The production of horse embryos in a lab, also known as in vitro production (IVP), has shown higher rates of early pregnancy loss statistically compared to embryos produced naturally within the body (in vivo).
  • There is a lack of uniform criteria to classify IVP embryos, which makes comparison and analysis across various studies difficult.
  • This study aims to identify and evaluate the morphologic and timing characteristics of the early embryonic development and their possible association with successful development, rate of pregnancy and early pregnancy loss post embryo transfer.

Methods

  • In order to determine these associations, a retrospective analysis of previously stored records and data was carried out.
  • The researchers analyzed the morphological characteristics of embryos that were successfully transferred (known pregnancy outcome) and those that were arrested (did not develop).
  • Time-lapse images of 70 transferred embryos and 114 arrested embryos were studied to identify and compare the frequency of abnormalities during the first mitotic division, also known as cleavage patterns. Furthermore, the time taken till vitrification (time to blastocyst formation) or arrest was also recorded.

Results

  • The research indicates that embryos which achieve blastocyst formation earlier have increased odds of successful pregnancy at 14 days. These embryos also show a decrease in pregnancy loss until 25 days. However, this relationship does not hold after 25 days up to 42 days.
  • Moreover, abnormal cleavage patterns reduce the odds of pregnancy and increase the odds of early pregnancy loss.
  • Specifically, embryos with abnormal cleavage patterns had a significantly higher total early pregnancy loss rate (53.3%) as compared with those with normal cleavage patterns (22.6%).

Conclusions

  • While the findings are statistically significant, the study suggests that including more embryo transfers could help uncover additional associations between morphokinetic characteristics and pregnancy success.
  • The study demonstrates a correlation between early mitotic division patterns, time to blastocyst formation, and the risk of pregnancy loss in horse IVP embryos.
  • The observations can serve as a classification system for identifying and selecting embryos with a superior potential for successful pregnancy, which can help in narrowing the disparity in pregnancy rates between in vivo and in vitro-produced embryos.

Cite This Article

APA
Martin-Pelaez S, de la Fuente A, Takahashi K, Monteiro H, Mendes M, Meyers S, Dini P. (2025). Abnormal cleavage patterns in equine in vitro-produced embryos lead to higher early pregnancy loss. Equine Vet J. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.70004

Publication

Equine veterinary journal
ISSN: 2042-3306
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English

Researcher Affiliations

Martin-Pelaez, Soledad
  • Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.
de la Fuente, Alejandro
  • Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.
Takahashi, Kazuki
  • Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.
Monteiro, Hugo
  • Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.
Mendes, Mauricio
  • Burns Ranch, Menifee, California, USA.
Meyers, Stuart
  • Department of Anatomy, Physiology, & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.
Dini, Pouya
  • Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.

Grant Funding

  • UC Davis Center for Equine Health

References

This article includes 82 references
  1. Stout TAE. Clinical application of in vitro embryo production in the horse.. J Equine Vet Sci 2020;89:103011.
  2. Lazzari G, Colleoni S, Crotti G, Turini P, Fiorini G, Barandalla M. Laboratory production of equine embryos.. J Equine Vet Sci 2020;89:103097.
  3. Claes A, Stout TAE. Success rate in a clinical equine in vitro embryo production program.. Theriogenology 2022;187:215–218.
  4. Hinrichs K, Choi YH, Love CC, Spacek S. Use of in vitro maturation of oocytes, intracytoplasmic sperm injection and in vitro culture to the blastocyst stage in a commercial equine assisted reproduction program.. J Equine Vet Sci 2014;34:176.
  5. Cuervo‐Arango J, Martín‐Peláez MS, Claes AN. A practical guide to estimate the age of the early CL by ultrasonography in mares examined for the first time to be used as recipients in a commercial embryo transfer program.. Theriogenology 2020;153:48–53.
  6. Pomar FJR, Teerds KJ, Kidson A, Colenbrander B, Tharasanit T, Aguilar B. Differences in the incidence of apoptosis between in vivo and in vitro produced blastocysts of farm animal species: a comparative study.. Theriogenology 2005;63:2254–2268.
  7. Tremoleda JL, Stout TAE, Lagutina I, Lazzari G, Bevers MM, Colenbrander B. Effects of in vitro production on horse embryo morphology, cytoskeletal characteristics, and blastocyst capsule formation.. Biol Reprod 2003;69:1895–1906.
  8. Umair M, Scheeren VF d C, Beitsma MM, Colleoni S, Galli C, Lazzari G. In vitro‐produced equine blastocysts exhibit greater dispersal and intermingling of inner cell mass cells than in vivo embryos.. Int J Mol Sci 2023;24:9619.
  9. McCue P, DeLuca C, Ferris R, Wall JJ. How to evaluate equine embryos. 2009 [cited 2025 Mar 20]. Available from: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/How‐to‐Evaluate‐Equine‐Embryos‐McCue‐DeLuca/dbd732f45e727e23d684f1f37d49558e85b55b51
  10. Morris L, Weiss J, Maclellan L. Is embryo grade classification associated with pregnancy outcome for in vivo and ICSI‐derived vitrified embryos?. J Equine Vet Sci 2022;113:103979.
  11. Carnevale EM, Ramirez RJ, Squires EL, Alvarenga MA, Vanderwall DK, McCue PM. Factors affecting pregnancy rates and early embryonic death after equine embryo transfer.. Theriogenology 2000;54:965–979.
  12. McKinnon AO, Squires EL. Morphologic assessment of the equine embryo.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1988;192:401–406.
  13. Bó G, Mapletoft R. Evaluation and classification of bovine embryos.. Anim Reprod 2013;10(3):344–348.
  14. Erdem H, Karasahin T, Alkan H, Dursun S, Satilmis F, Guler M. Effect of embryo quality and developmental stages on pregnancy rate during fresh embryo transfer in beef heifers.. Tropl Anim Health Prod 2020;52:2541–2547.
  15. Lewis N, Canesin H, Choi YH, Foss R, Felix M, Rader K. Equine in vitro produced blastocysts: relationship of embryo morphology, stage and speed of development to foaling rate.. Reprod Fertil Dev 2023;35:338–351.
  16. Freeman DA, Woods GL, Vanderwall DK, Weber JA. Embryo‐initiated oviductal transport in mares.. Reproduction 1992;95:535–538.
  17. Martin‐Pelaez S, de la Fuente A, Takahashi K, Perez IT, Orozco J, Okada CTC. IVF with frozen‐thawed sperm after prolonged capacitation yields comparable results to ICSI in horses: a morphokinetics study.. Theriogenology 2025;232:39–45.
  18. Brooks KE, Daughtry BL, Metcalf E, Masterson K, Battaglia D, Gao L. Assessing equine embryo developmental competency by time‐lapse image analysis.. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019;31:1840–1850.
  19. Lewis N, Schnauffer K, Hinrichs K, Morganti M, Troup S, Argo C. Morphokinetics of early equine embryo development in vitro using time‐lapse imaging, and use in selecting blastocysts for transfer.. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019;31:1851–1861.
  20. Martino NA, Marzano G, Mastrorocco A, Lacalandra GM, Vincenti L, Hinrichs K. Use of time‐lapse imaging to evaluate morphokinetics of in vitro equine blastocyst development after oocyte holding for two days at 15°C versus room temperature before intracytoplasmic sperm injection.. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019;31:1862–1873.
  21. Meyers S, Burruel V, Kato M, de la Fuente A, Orellana D, Renaudin C. Equine non‐invasive time‐lapse imaging and blastocyst development.. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019;31:1874–1884.
  22. de la Fuente A, Omyla K, Cooper C, Daels P, Meyers S, Dini P. Embryo pulsing: repeated expansion and contraction of in vivo and in vitro equine blastocysts.. J Equine Vet Sci 2023;128:104891.
  23. Angel‐Velez D, De Coster T, Azari‐Dolatabad N, Fernández‐Montoro A, Benedetti C, Pavani K. Embryo morphokinetics derived from fresh and vitrified bovine oocytes predict blastocyst development and nuclear abnormalities.. Sci Rep 2023;13:4765.
  24. Hillyear LM, Zak LJ, Beckitt T, Griffin DK, Harvey SC, Harvey KE. Morphokinetic profiling suggests that rapid first cleavage division accurately predicts the chances of blastulation in pig in vitro produced embryos.. Animals 2024;14:783.
  25. Jacobs C, Nicolielo M, Erberelli R, Mendez F, Fanelli M, Cremonesi L. Correlation between morphokinetic parameters and standard morphological assessment: what can we predict from early embryo development? A time‐lapse‐based experiment with 2085 blastocysts.. JBRA Assist Reprod 2020;24:273–277.
  26. Hur C, Nanavaty V, Yao M, Desai N. The presence of partial compaction patterns is associated with lower rates of blastocyst formation, sub‐optimal morphokinetic parameters and poorer morphologic grade.. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2023;21:12.
  27. Rubio I, Kuhlmann R, Agerholm I, Kirk J, Herrero J, Escribá M‐J. Limited implantation success of direct‐cleaved human zygotes: a time‐lapse study.. Fertil Steril 2012;98:1458–1463.
  28. Liu Y, Chapple V, Roberts P, Matson P. Prevalence, consequence, and significance of reverse cleavage by human embryos viewed with the use of the Embryoscope time‐lapse video system.. Fertil Steril 2014;102:1295–1300.e2.
  29. Suzuki R, Yao T, Okada M, Nagai H, Khurchabilig A, Kobayashi J. Direct cleavage during the first mitosis is a sign of abnormal fertilization in cattle.. Theriogenology 2023;200:96–105.
  30. Marzano G, Mastrorocco A, Zianni R, Mangiacotti M, Chiaravalle AE, Lacalandra GM. Altered morphokinetics in equine embryos from oocytes exposed to DEHP during IVM.. Mol Reprod Dev 2019;86:1388–1404.
  31. Alikani M, Calderon G, Tomkin G, Garrisi J, Kokot M, Cohen J. Cleavage anomalies in early human embryos and survival after prolonged culture in‐vitro.. Hum Reprod 2000;15:2634–2643.
  32. Almagor M, Or Y, Fieldust S, Shoham Z. Irregular cleavage of early preimplantation human embryos: characteristics of patients and pregnancy outcomes.. J Assist Reprod Genet 2015;32:1811–1815.
  33. Burruel V, Klooster K, Barker CM, Pera RR, Meyers S. Abnormal early cleavage events predict early embryo demise: sperm oxidative stress and early abnormal cleavage.. Sci Rep 2014;4:6598.
  34. Dal Canto M, Coticchio G, Mignini Renzini M, De Ponti E, Novara PV, Brambillasca F. Cleavage kinetics analysis of human embryos predicts development to blastocyst and implantation.. Reprod Biomed Online 2012;25:474–480.
  35. Imai K, Sugimura S, Somfai T, Inaba Y, Aikawa Y, Ohtake M. 159. Relationship between cleavage patterns of first cell cycle and post‐transfer viability in bovine embryos obtained by ovum pickup and in vitro fertilization.. Reprod Fertil Dev 2011;24:191–192.
  36. Lechniak D, Pers‐Kamczyc E, Pawlak P. Timing of the first zygotic cleavage as a marker of developmental potential of mammalian embryos.. Reprod Biol 2008;8:23–42.
  37. Dini P, Bogado Pascottini O, Ducheyne K, Hostens M, Daels P. Holding equine oocytes in a commercial embryo‐holding medium: new perspective on holding temperature and maturation time.. Theriogenology 2016;86:1361–1368.
  38. Malin K, de la Fuente A, De Castro T, Martin‐Pelaez S, Verstraete M, Dini P. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection zone: insights and applications from a university‐based assisted reproduction laboratory.. Clin Theriogenol 2024;16.
    doi: 10.58292/ct.v16.10670google scholar: lookup
  39. Martin‐Pelaez S, Rabow Z, de la Fuente A, Draheim P, Loynachan A, Fiehn O. Effect of pentobarbital as a euthanasia agent on equine in vitro embryo production.. Theriogenology 2023;205:1–8.
  40. Orsolini MF, Meyers SA, Dini P. An update on semen physiology, technologies, and selection techniques for the advancement of in vitro equine embryo production: section II.. Animals 2021;11:3319.
  41. Goszczynski DE, Tinetti PS, Choi YH, Hinrichs K, Ross PJ. Genome activation in equine in vitro‐produced embryos.. Biol Reprod 2022;106:66–82.
  42. Wilsher S, Allen WR. An improved method for nonsurgical embryo transfer in the mare.. Equine Vet Educ 2004;16:39–44.
  43. Gray D, Plusa B, Piotrowska K, Na J, Tom B, Glover DM. First cleavage of the mouse embryo responds to change in egg shape at fertilization.. Curr Biol 2004;14:397–405.
  44. Campbell A, Fishel S, Bowman N, Duffy S, Sedler M, Hickman CFL. Modelling a risk classification of aneuploidy in human embryos using non‐invasive morphokinetics.. Reprod Biomed Online 2013;26:477–485.
  45. Chamayou S, Patrizio P, Storaci G, Tomaselli V, Alecci C, Ragolia C. The use of morphokinetic parameters to select all embryos with full capacity to implant.. J Assist Reprod Genet 2013;30:703–710.
  46. Motato Y, de los Santos MJ, Escriba MJ, Ruiz BA, Remohí J, Meseguer M. Morphokinetic analysis and embryonic prediction for blastocyst formation through an integrated time‐lapse system.. Fertil Steril 2016;105:376–384. e9.
  47. Sugimura S, Akai T, Imai K. Selection of viable in vitro‐fertilized bovine embryos using time‐lapse monitoring in microwell culture dishes.. J Reprod Dev 2017;63:353–357.
  48. Mateusen B, Van Soom A, Maes DGD, Donnay I, Duchateau L, Lequarre A‐S. Porcine embryo development and fragmentation and their relation to apoptotic markers: a cinematographic and confocal laser scanning microscopic study.. Reproduction 2005;129:443–452.
  49. Smits K, Goossens K, Soom AV, Govaere J, Hoogewijs M, Peelman LJ. In vivo‐derived horse blastocysts show transcriptional upregulation of developmentally important genes compared with in vitro‐produced horse blastocysts.. Reprod Fertil Dev 2011;23:364–375.
  50. Choi YH, Harding HD, Hartman DL, Obermiller AD, Kurosaka S, McLaughlin KJ. The uterine environment modulates trophectodermal POU5F1 levels in equine blastocysts.. Reproduction 2009;138:589–599.
  51. Smits K, Govaere J, Peelman LJ, Goossens K, de Graaf DC, Vercauteren D. Influence of the uterine environment on the development of in vitro‐produced equine embryos.. Reproduction 2012;143:173–181.
  52. Stewart F, Kennedy MW, Suire S. A novel uterine lipocalin supporting pregnancy in equids.. Cell Mol Life Sci 2000;57:1373–1378.
  53. Claes A, Cuervo‐Arango J, Colleoni S, Lazzari G, Galli C, Stout TA. Speed of in vitro embryo development affects the likelihood of foaling and the foal sex ratio.. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020;32:468–473.
  54. Ducheyne KD, Rizzo M, Cuervo‐Arango J, Claes A, Daels PF, Stout TAE. In vitro production of horse embryos predisposes to micronucleus formation, whereas time to blastocyst formation affects likelihood of pregnancy.. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019;31:1830–1839.
  55. Loux S, Robles M, Chavatte‐Palmer P, de Mestre A. Markers of equine placental differentiation: insights from gene expression studies.. Reproduction 2022;163:R39–R54.
  56. Enders AC, Schlafke S, Lantz KC, Liu IKM. Endoderm cells of the equine yolk sac from day 7 until formation of the definitive yolk sac placenta.. Equine Vet J 1993;25:3–9.
  57. Hisey E, Ross PJ, Meyers SA. A review of OCT4 functions and applications to equine embryos.. J Equine Vet Sci 2021;98:103364.
  58. Magata F, Ideta A, Okubo H, Matsuda F, Urakawa M, Oono Y. Growth potential of bovine embryos presenting abnormal cleavage observed through time lapse cinematography.. Theriogenology 2019;133:119–124.
  59. Schmidt JK, Block LN, Jones KM, Hinkle HM, Mean KD, Bowman BD. Atypical initial cleavage patterns minimally impact rhesus macaque in vitro embryo morphokinetics and embryo outgrowth development.. Biol Reprod 2023;109:812–820.
  60. McCollin A, Swann RL, Summers MC, Handyside AH, Ottolini CS. Abnormal cleavage and developmental arrest of human preimplantation embryos in vitro.. Eur J Med Genet 2020;63:103651.
  61. Lagalla C, Tarozzi N, Sciajno R, Wells D, Santo MD, Nadalini M. Embryos with morphokinetic abnormalities may develop into euploid blastocysts.. Reprod Biomed Online 2017;34:137–146.
  62. Zhan Q, Ye Z, Clarke R, Rosenwaks Z, Zaninovic N. Direct unequal cleavages: embryo developmental competence, genetic constitution and clinical outcome.. PLoS One 2016;11:e0166398.
  63. Regin M, Lei Y, Deckersberg ECD, Guns Y, Verdyck P, Verheyen G. Complex aneuploidy triggers autophagy and p53‐mediated apoptosis and impairs the second lineage segregation in human preimplantation embryos.. Elife 2023;12:RP88916.
  64. Shavit M, Gonen D, Atzmon Y, Aslih N, Bilgory A, Shibli Abu‐Raya Y. Cleavage patterns of 9600 embryos: the importance of irregular cleavage.. J Clin Med 2023;12:5656.
  65. Barrie A, Homburg R, McDowell G, Brown J, Kingsland C, Troup S. Preliminary investigation of the prevalence and implantation potential of abnormal embryonic phenotypes assessed using time‐lapse imaging.. Reprod Biomed Online 2017;34:455–462.
  66. Fan YL, Han SB, Wu LH, Wang YP, Huang GN. Abnormally cleaving embryos are able to produce live births: a time‐lapse study.. J Assist Reprod Genet 2016;33:379–385.
  67. Cavazza T, Takeda Y, Politi AZ, Aushev M, Aldag P, Baker C. Parental genome unification is highly error‐prone in mammalian embryos.. Cell 2021;184:2860–2877. e22.
  68. Currie CE, Ford E, Whyte LB, Taylor DM, Mihalas BP, Erent M. The first mitotic division of human embryos is highly error prone.. Nat Commun 2022;13:6755.
  69. Coticchio G, Cimadomo D, Cermisoni GC, Rienzi L, Papaleo E, Ubaldi FM. The first mitotic division: a perilous bridge connecting the zygote and the early embryo.. Hum Reprod 2023;38:1019–1027.
  70. Magli MC, Gianaroli L, Ferraretti AP, Lappi M, Ruberti A, Farfalli V. Embryo morphology and development are dependent on the chromosomal complement.. Fertil Steril 2007;87:534–541.
  71. De Martin H, Bonetti TCS, Nissel C a Z, Gomes AP, Fujii MG, Monteleone P a A. Association of early cleavage, morula compaction and blastocysts ploidy of IVF embryos cultured in a time‐lapse system and biopsied for genetic test for aneuploidy.. Sci Rep 2024;14:739.
  72. Hornak M, Kubicek D, Broz P, Hulinska P, Hanzalova K, Griffin D. Aneuploidy detection and mtDNA quantification in bovine embryos with different cleavage onset using a next‐generation sequencing‐based protocol.. Cytogenet Genome Res 2016;150:60–67.
  73. Brooks KE, Daughtry BL, Davis B, Yan MY, Fei SS, Shepherd S. Molecular contribution to embryonic aneuploidy and karyotypic complexity in initial cleavage divisions of mammalian development.. Development 2022;149:dev198341.
  74. Greco E, Minasi MG, Fiorentino F. Healthy babies after intrauterine transfer of mosaic aneuploid blastocysts.. N Engl J Med 2015;373:2089–2090.
  75. Fragouli E, Alfarawati S, Spath K, Babariya D, Tarozzi N, Borini A. Analysis of implantation and ongoing pregnancy rates following the transfer of mosaic diploid‐aneuploid blastocysts.. Hum Genet 2017;136:805–819.
  76. Lawson JM, Salem SE, Miller D, Kahler A, van den Boer WJ, Shilton CA. Naturally occurring horse model of miscarriage reveals temporal relationship between chromosomal aberration type and point of lethality.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024;121:e2405636121.
  77. Shilton CA, Kahler A, Davis BW, Crabtree JR, Crowhurst J, McGladdery AJ. Whole genome analysis reveals aneuploidies in early pregnancy loss in the horse.. Sci Rep 2020;10:13314.
  78. Maurer M, Ebner T, Puchner M, Mayer RB, Shebl O, Oppelt P. Chromosomal aneuploidies and early embryonic developmental arrest.. Int J Fertil Steril 2015;9:346–353.
  79. McCoy RC, Summers MC, McCollin A, Ottolini CS, Ahuja K, Handyside AH. Meiotic and mitotic aneuploidies drive arrest of in vitro fertilized human preimplantation embryos.. Genome Med 2023;15:77.
  80. Gu C, Li K, Li R, Li L, Li X, Dai X. Chromosomal aneuploidy associated with clinical characteristics of pregnancy loss.. Front Genet 2021;12:667697.
  81. Perkel KJ, Tscherner A, Merrill C, Lamarre J, Madan P. The ART of selecting the best embryo: A review of early embryonic mortality and bovine embryo viability assessment methods.. Mol Reprod Dev 2015;82:822–838.
  82. Morris LHA, Maclellan LJ. A simplified grading system for in vivo and in vitro derived vitrified equine embryos.. J Equine Vet Sci 2024;132:104983.

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.