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Home / Equine Research Bank / Drug Test Anal / Administration and detection of gene therapy in horses: A sy...
Drug testing and analysis2022; 15(2); 143-162; doi: 10.1002/dta.3394

Administration and detection of gene therapy in horses: A systematic review.

Abstract: Gene therapy uses genetic modification of cells to produce a therapeutic effect. Defective or missing genes can be repaired or replaced, or gene expression can be modified using a variety of technologies. Repair of defective genes can be achieved using specialized gene editing tools. Gene addition promotes gene expression by introducing synthetic copies of genes of interest (transgenes) into cells where they are transcribed and translated into therapeutic proteins. Protein production can also be modified using therapies that regulate gene expression. Gene therapy is currently prohibited in both human and equine athletes because of the potential to induce production of performance-enhancing proteins in the athlete's body, also referred to as "gene doping." Detection of gene doping is challenging and necessitates development of creative, novel analytical methods for doping control. Methods for detection of gene doping must be specific to and will vary depending on the type of gene therapy. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a systematic review of gene editing, gene therapy, and detection of gene doping in horses. Based on the published literature, gene therapy has been administered to horses in a large number of experimental studies and a smaller number of clinical cases. Detection of gene therapy is possible using a combination of PCR and sequencing technologies. This summary can provide a basis for discussion of appropriate and inappropriate uses for gene therapy in horses by the veterinary community and guide expansion of methods to detect inappropriate uses by the regulatory community.
© 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Publication Date: 2022-11-07 PubMed ID: 36269665DOI: 10.1002/dta.3394Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Systematic Review
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article systematically reviews experimental and clinical applications of gene therapy in horses, the associated ethical concerns and potential for misuse—specifically gene doping—as well as methods to detect unauthorized usage.

Introduction to Gene Therapy

  • The article focuses on gene therapy, a medical field where the genetic makeup of cells is modified to produce a therapeutic effect. This can be done in several ways: repairing or replacing defective or missing genes, changing the expression of genes, or introducing new synthetic copies of genes (transgenes) into cells where they are then transcribed and translated into therapeutic proteins. Moreover, protein production can be modified using methods that regulate gene expression.

Issues with Gene Therapy in Sport: “Gene doping”

  • Gene therapy is currently prevented in both human and equine athletes due to its potential misuse, transforming it into what the article calls “gene doping”.
  • This practice involves inducing the body to produce performance-enhancing proteins, giving the athlete an unfair advantage.
  • However, detecting gene doping presents a significant challenge and prompts the development of innovative and diverse methods for doping control.
  • The methods required for the detection of gene doping depend largely on the specific type of gene therapy used.

Implementation and Detection of Gene Therapy in Horses

  • The paper looks in detail at gene editing, gene therapy, and detection of gene doping in horses, summarising findings from a broad range of studies.
  • According to these studies, gene therapy has been widely used experimentally in horses and has also been used in a smaller number of clinical cases.
  • Detection of gene therapy usage in horses can be achieved using a combination of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing technologies.

Contributions and Benefits to Veterinary and Regulatory Communities

  • This comprehensive review can play an essential part in discussions about the ethical implications of gene therapy in horses within the veterinary community.
  • It can also help expand methods to detect unauthorized and inappropriate uses of gene therapy by regulatory bodies.

Cite This Article

APA
Haughan J, Ortved KF, Robinson MA. (2022). Administration and detection of gene therapy in horses: A systematic review. Drug Test Anal, 15(2), 143-162. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3394

Publication

Drug testing and analysis
ISSN: 1942-7611
NlmUniqueID: 101483449
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Pages: 143-162

Researcher Affiliations

Haughan, Joanne
  • Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA.
Ortved, Kyla F
  • Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA.
Robinson, Mary A
  • Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA.
  • Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology & Research Center, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Doping in Sports / methods
  • Genetic Therapy / veterinary
  • Horses
  • Polymerase Chain Reaction / methods
  • Transgenes

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Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Tozaki T, Ohnuma A, Kikuchi M, Ishige T, Kakoi H, Hirota KI, Takahashi Y, Nagata SI. Investigation of optimal procedures for storage and use of plasma samples suitable for gene doping tests.. J Equine Sci 2023 Jun;34(2):21-27.
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