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Virologie (Montrouge, France)2022; 26(5); 375-386; doi: 10.1684/vir.2022.0973

[African horse sickness: an ancient disease for a current threat].

Abstract: African horse sickness (AHS) is a major arthropod-borne disease that causes significant losses in horses in sub-Saharan Africa. It is caused by the African horse sickness virus (AHSV), which is transmitted during a blood meal by Culicoides biting midges. The distribution of historical African culicoid vectors increases due to global warming. In addition, recent (Thailand, 2020) and earlier (Iberian Peninsula, 1965-66/1987-90) AHS outbreaks outside Africa demonstrate the adaptation of the virus to endogenous species in AHS-free regions, similar to what has been observed for bluetongue disease in recent decades. Therefore, many regions are considered at risk of introduction of AHS which could have important economic consequences for the equine industry. Overall, this prone the European Union to launch research programs to get better diagnostic and prophylactic tools. La peste équine est une arbovirose majeure qui entraîne des pertes importantes chez les chevaux en Afrique subsaharienne. Elle est provoquée par le virus de la peste équine (African horse sickness virus, AHSV) dont la transmission s'effectue au cours d'un repas sanguin par des petits moucherons hématophages appartenant au genre Culicoides. En outre, les espèces vectrices historiques de culicoïdes présentes en Afrique voient leur aire de répartition s'étendre en lien avec le réchauffement climatique à l'échelle mondiale. Par ailleurs, des épisodes épizootiques récents (Thaïlande, 2020) ou un peu plus anciens (péninsule ibérique, 1965-66/1987-90) en dehors du continent africain soulignent la capacité d'adaptation du virus à des espèces vectrices autochtones, à l'instar de ce qui a été observé pour la fièvre catarrhale ovine ces dernières décennies. Ces facteurs laissent craindre à tout moment une introduction de la peste équine dans des régions indemnes. L'urgence est donc donnée actuellement par l'Union européenne pour se doter de meilleurs outils diagnostiques et prophylactiques afin de prévenir des conséquences économiques brutales pour l'industrie équine.
Publication Date: 2022-11-23 PubMed ID: 36413122DOI: 10.1684/vir.2022.0973Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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The research investigates African horse sickness, a disease primarily impacting Sub-Saharan African horses. While traditionally confined to Africa, it’s spreading due to global warming and the virus’s ability to adapt. This poses a risk to the global equine industry, prompting a need for improved diagnostic and preventive tools.

What is African Horse Sickness?

  • African horse sickness (AHS) is a significant disease impacting horses in Sub-Saharan Africa.
  • The disease is caused by the African horse sickness virus (AHSV), which is transmitted by Culicoides biting midges during a blood meal.

Spread of African Horse Sickness

  • Due to climate change, the traditional African Culicoides vectors (the insects carrying the virus) are expanding their reach.
  • Recent occurrences of AHS outbreaks in regions outside Africa, like Thailand (2020) and the Iberian Peninsula (1965-66/1987-90), show the virus’s adaptability to non-native species in regions previously free from AHS, something observed in the spread of the bluetongue disease in recent years.

Impacts and Prevention Measures

  • These developments pose a potential threat of AHS introduction into new, previously unaffected regions. The anticipated wide-spread introduction of AHS could lead to severe economic consequences for the horse industry worldwide.
  • Consequently, the European Union has prioritized the development of better diagnostic and prophylactic tools to prevent AHS spread and its subsequent economic ramifications on the equine industry.

Cite This Article

APA
Vitour D, Zientara S, Fablet A, Bréard E, Sailleau C. (2022). [African horse sickness: an ancient disease for a current threat]. Virologie (Montrouge), 26(5), 375-386. https://doi.org/10.1684/vir.2022.0973

Publication

ISSN: 1267-8694
NlmUniqueID: 9802575
Country: France
Language: fre
Volume: 26
Issue: 5
Pages: 375-386

Researcher Affiliations

Vitour, Damien
  • UMR Virologie Anses-Inrae-Enva, Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire de Santé animale, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
Zientara, Stéphan
  • UMR Virologie Anses-Inrae-Enva, Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire de Santé animale, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
Fablet, Aurore
  • UMR Virologie Anses-Inrae-Enva, Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire de Santé animale, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
Bréard, Emmanuel
  • UMR Virologie Anses-Inrae-Enva, Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire de Santé animale, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
Sailleau, Corinne
  • UMR Virologie Anses-Inrae-Enva, Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire de Santé animale, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France

MeSH Terms

  • Sheep
  • Animals
  • Horses
  • African Horse Sickness / epidemiology
  • African Horse Sickness / prevention & control
  • African Horse Sickness Virus
  • Ceratopogonidae
  • Bluetongue
  • Africa South of the Sahara