Age-dependent haemogram and sex-dependent serum biochemistry values in semi-feral Konik horses.
Abstract: Semi-feral, free-roaming Konik polski horses are used in some European countries for preserving semi-open pasture landscapes. The estimation of their health status is still limited by insufficient data on various blood parameters. Therefore, our study aimed at the sex- and age-dependent analysis of haemogram and selected biochemistry parameters in healthy, semi-feral Koniks. In order to reach this aim, we took blood samples from 53 female and 18 male (8 uncastrated, 10 castrated) Koniks living in two Middle German nature reserves. They were of different age (9-266 months) and without signs of illness. Blood samples were analysed by an accredited laboratory. We identified age- but not sex-dependent changes in the white blood cell count (WBC). Higher age mainly caused a decrease in lymphocytes. Therefore, WBC correlated negatively and granulocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio positively with increasing age. Serum values of selected biochemical parameters did not depend on age but showed some sex-related differences. In this regard, serum total protein, triglyceride and the enzymatic activities of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase and g-glutamyltransferase were higher in males than females. However, the sex dependency of these enzymatic activities was restricted to uncastrated males. They also showed higher serum values for calcium and selenium than castrated males or all females. As far as the respective group sizes permitted, we then calculated age- or sex-dependent reference interval values for all parameters analysed. These values improve now the estimation of the health status of semi-feral, free-roaming Konik horses and provide a stable basis for future studies. In europäischen Naturschutzprojekten dienen halbwilde, freilaufende Konikpferde zunehmend dem Erhalt offener Landschaften. Deren Gesundheitsstatus kann jedoch gegenwärtig nur begrenzt eingeschätzt werden, da keine Normalwerte zu wichtigen Blutparametern etabliert sind. Unsere Studie zielte daher auf die geschlechts- und altersabhängige Erfassung von Blutbild und definierten biochemischen Serumwerten in gesunden, halbwilden Koniks. Die Blutentnahme erfolgte bei 53 weiblichen und 18 männlichen (8 unkastriert, 10 kastriert) Konik-Pferden zweier mitteldeutscher Naturreservate. Diese waren unterschiedlich alt (9–266 Monate) und ohne Krankheitsanzeichen. Die Analyse der Blutproben erfolgte in einem akkreditieren Labor. Die Auswertungen ergaben alters-, aber keine geschlechtsabhängigen Unterschiede in der Leukozytenzahl. Unter den Leukozyten kam es mit zunehmendem Alter besonders zur Abnahme an Lymphozyten, weshalb das Granulozyten-Lymphozyten-Verhältnis altersabhängig anstieg. Die Serumwerte ausgewählter biochemischer Parameter waren dagegen unabhängig vom Alter, zeigten aber oft geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede. Diesbezüglich hatten die männlichen Koniks höhere Werte für Gesamtprotein, Triglyzeride und die Enzymaktivitäten von alkalischer Phosphatase, Aspartat-Aminotransaminase und g-Glutamyltransferase als die Stuten. Die Geschlechterdifferenzen in den jeweiligen Enzymaktivitäten beschränkte sich aber auf die unkastrierten Tiere. Die Hengste zeigten daneben auch höhere Serumwerte für Kalzium und Selen als die Wallache oder Stuten. Soweit die jeweilige Gruppengrössen dies zuliessen, wurden dann abhängig von Alter und Geschlecht Referenzwerte für die gemessenen Blutparameter ermittelt. Diese erleichtern nun die Einschätzung des Gesundheitsstatus von halbwilden Konikpferden und bilden zudem eine stabile Basis für Nachfolgestudien. Les chevaux Konik Polski semi-sauvages en liberté sont utilisés dans certains pays européens pour préserver les paysages de pâturages semi-ouverts. L’estimation de leur état de santé est encore limitée par le manque de données sur divers paramètres sanguins. C’est pourquoi notre étude visait à analyser, en fonction du sexe et de l’âge, l’hémogramme et certains paramètres biochimiques chez des Konik semi-sauvages en bonne santé. Pour ce faire, nous avons prélevé des échantillons de sang sur 53 femelles et 18 mâles (8 non castrés, 10 castrés) vivant dans deux réserves naturelles d’Allemagne centrale. Ils étaient d’âges différents (9-266 mois) et ne présentaient aucun signe de maladie. Les échantillons de sang ont été analysés par un laboratoire accrédité. Nous avons identifié des changements dans la numération des globules blancs (WBC) qui dépendent de l’âge mais non du sexe. L’augmentation de l’âge a principalement entraîné une diminution des lymphocytes. Par conséquent, le nombre de globules blancs est corrélé négativement et le rapport granulocytes/lymphocytes positivement avec l’augmentation de l’âge. Les valeurs sériques de certains paramètres biochimiques ne dépendaient pas de l’âge, mais présentaient certaines différences liées au sexe. À cet égard, les protéines totales sériques, les triglycérides et les activités enzymatiques de la phosphatase alcaline, de la transaminase aspartate et de la γ-glutamyltransférase étaient plus élevés chez les mâles que chez les femelles. Cependant, la dépendance de ces activités enzymatiques par rapport au sexe était limitée aux mâles non castrés. Ces derniers présentaient également des valeurs sériques de calcium et de sélénium plus élevées que les mâles castrés ou que toutes les femelles. Dans la mesure où la taille des groupes respectifs le permettait, nous avons ensuite calculé des valeurs d’intervalle de référence dépendant de l’âge ou du sexe pour tous les paramètres analysés. Ces valeurs améliorent désormais l’estimation de l’état de santé des chevaux Konik semi-sauvages en liberté et fournissent une base stable pour les études futures. I cavalli Konik polski semi-selvatici, liberi di vagare, sono utilizzati in alcuni paesi europei per preservare paesaggi di pascoli semi-aperti. La stima del loro stato di salute è ancora limitata da dati insufficienti su vari parametri ematici. Pertanto, il nostro studio aveva l’obiettivo di analizzare i parametri dell’emogramma e della biochimica sierica predefiniti in relazione al sesso e all’età nei Konik sani e semi-selvatici. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, abbiamo prelevato campioni di sangue da 53 femmine e 18 maschi (8 non castrati, 10 castrati) di cavalli Konik che vivevano in due riserve naturali della Germania centrale. Erano di diverse età (9-266 mesi) e senza segni di malattia. I campioni di sangue sono stati analizzati da un laboratorio accreditato. Abbiamo identificato cambiamenti dipendenti dall’età, ma non dal sesso, nel conteggio dei globuli bianchi (WBC). L’età più avanzata ha principalmente causato una diminuzione dei linfociti. Pertanto, il WBC è risultato correlato negativamente e il rapporto granulociti-linfociti positivamente con l’età crescente. I valori sierici dei parametri biochimici selezionati non dipendevano dall’età, ma mostrano alcune differenze legate al sesso. In questo senso, le proteine totali sieriche, i trigliceridi e le attività enzimatiche della fosfatasi alcalina, dell’ast e della γ-glutamiltransferasi erano più alte nei maschi rispetto alle femmine. Tuttavia, la dipendenza dal sesso di queste attività enzimatiche era limitata ai maschi non castrati. Essi mostrano anche valori sierici più elevati per il calcio e il selenio rispetto ai maschi castrati o a tutte le femmine. Per quanto le dimensioni dei gruppi lo hanno permesso, abbiamo quindi calcolato valori di intervallo di riferimento dipendenti dall’età o dal sesso per tutti i parametri analizzati. Questi valori migliorano ora la stima dello stato di salute dei cavalli Konik semi-selvatici e liberi di vagare e forniscono una base stabile per studi futuri.
Publication Date: 2024-10-29 PubMed ID: 39470438DOI: 10.17236/sat00437Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
Summary
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The research investigates the impact of age and sex on the haemogram and selected biochemistry parameters of healthy, semi-feral Konik horses in Germany. Results demonstrate alterations in white blood cell count associated with age, and reveal certain sex-related differences in biochemical serum values.
Objectives of the Study
- The research aims to understand how sex and age influence haemogram and selected biochemistry parameters in semi-feral Konik horses.
- The study’s findings can help to improve health status estimation for these horses and set a solid foundation for further studies in the future.
Methodology and Sample
- The researchers collected blood samples from 53 female and 18 male Konik horses living in two nature reserves in Middle Germany. The horses ranged from nine to 266 months old and showed no signs of illness.
- The blood samples underwent analysis in an accredited laboratory, studying changes in both white blood cell count (WBC) and selected biochemistry parameters.
Key Findings
- With increasing age, there was a decrease in lymphocytes leading to an age-dependent reduction in WBC. As a result, WBC negatively correlated with age, while the granulocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio had a positive correlation.
- Various biochemical serum parameters exhibited sex-related differences. Male Koniks had higher levels of serum total protein, triglycerides, and the enzymatic activities of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase and g-glutamyltransferase than females.
- The difference in enzymatic activities was primarily noticed in uncastrated males, who also presented higher serum values for calcium and selenium than castrated males or females.
Conclusion and Implications
- The research establishes a certain set of age- or sex-dependent reference interval values based on the analysed parameters.
- These values could help to better gauge the health status of semi-feral Koniks, thereby serving as a solid baseline for future studies on these horse populations.
Cite This Article
APA
Thielebein J, Bartling B, Hönicke C, Schmicke M.
(2024).
Age-dependent haemogram and sex-dependent serum biochemistry values in semi-feral Konik horses.
Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd, 166(11), 582-592.
https://doi.org/10.17236/sat00437 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Animal Health Management, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Animal Health Management, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Primigenius, Köthen Nature Conservation and Landscape Management gGmbH, Osternienburger Land, Germany.
- Animal Health Management, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Clinic for Cattle, Veterinary Endocrinology and Laboratory Diagnostic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Male
- Female
- Horses / blood
- Sex Factors
- Age Factors
- Blood Chemical Analysis / veterinary
- Aging / blood
- Hematologic Tests / veterinary
- Leukocyte Count / veterinary
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