FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Toxins (Basel) / Alkaloid-Containing Plants Poisonous to Cattle and Horses in...
Toxins2015; 7(12); 5301-5307; doi: 10.3390/toxins7124884

Alkaloid-Containing Plants Poisonous to Cattle and Horses in Europe.

Abstract: Alkaloids, nitrogen-containing secondary plant metabolites, are of major interest to veterinary toxicology because of their occurrence in plant species commonly involved in animal poisoning. Based on epidemiological data, the poisoning of cattle and horses by alkaloid-containing plants is a relatively common occurrence in Europe. Poisoning may occur when the plants contaminate hay or silage or when forage alternatives are unavailable. Cattle and horses are particularly at risk of poisoning by Colchicum autumnale (meadow saffron), Conium maculatum (poison hemlock), Datura stramonium (jimson weed), Equisetum palustre (marsh horsetail), Senecio spp. (ragwort and groundsel) and Taxus baccata (European yew). This review of poisonous alkaloid-containing plants describes the distribution of these plants, conditions under which poisoning occurs, active toxic principles involved and subsequent clinical signs observed.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2015-12-08 PubMed ID: 26670251PubMed Central: PMC4690134DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124884Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article discusses the problems faced by cattle and horses in Europe due to their consumption of specific plants containing harmful alkaloids. It includes an overview of the toxic plants, the circumstances leading to poisoning, the active toxic agents involved, and the clinical signs indicating poisoning.

Alkaloids and Their Toxicity to Animals

The main focus of the article is on alkaloids. These are nitrogen-containing secondary plant metabolites, known to have a significant impact on veterinary toxicology due to their presence in plants often associated with animal poisoning. As the paper suggests, exposure and intake of alkaloids can lead to toxicosis and consequent animal diseases or even death.

  • Alkaloids are naturally produced by a broad variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals.
  • In toxicology, specifically within the scope of veterinary medicine, alkaloids often contribute to severe health issues in animals, essentially cattle and horses, when consumed in large amounts.
  • In many cases, poisoning occurs when animals inadvertently ingest these alkaloids through contaminated hay or silage, on farmland or when other alternative feed sources are unavailable.

Plants Containing Poisonous Alkaloids

This section of the article identifies specific plants deemed toxic for cattle and horses due to their alkaloid content. These include Colchicum autumnale (meadow saffron), Conium maculatum (poison hemlock), Datura stramonium (jimson weed), Equisetum palustre (marsh horsetail), Senecio spp. (ragwort and groundsel), and Taxus baccata (European yew).

  • These plants are not only prevalent in various parts of Europe, but their toxicity is often high enough to pose a significant risk to livestock, primarily cattle, and horses, leading to frequent poisoning incidents.
  • The authors provide an overview of these plants, the conditions or circumstances leading to poisoning, the exact toxic elements within these plants, as well as the clinical signs and symptoms that indicate such poisoning.

Clinical Symptoms and Signs of Poisoning

A significant part of this paper is dedicated to the explanation of clinical symptoms associated with the consumption of such plants.

  • Understanding these signs is vital for effective detection and mitigation of the poisoning.
  • Early detection based on these symptoms can lead to prompt treatment and increase the chances of recovery for the affected animals.

Cite This Article

APA
Cortinovis C, Caloni F. (2015). Alkaloid-Containing Plants Poisonous to Cattle and Horses in Europe. Toxins (Basel), 7(12), 5301-5307. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins7124884

Publication

Toxins
ISSN: 2072-6651
NlmUniqueID: 101530765
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 7
Issue: 12
Pages: 5301-5307

Researcher Affiliations

Cortinovis, Cristina
  • Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy. cristina.cortinovis@unimi.it.
Caloni, Francesca
  • Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy. francesca.caloni@unimi.it.

MeSH Terms

  • Alkaloids / toxicity
  • Animals
  • Cattle
  • Europe
  • Horses
  • Piperidines / toxicity
  • Plants, Toxic / toxicity

References

This article includes 51 references
  1. Berny P, Caloni F, Croubels S, Sachana M, Vandenbroucke V, Davanzo F, Guitart R. Animal poisoning in Europe. Part 2: Companion animals.. Vet J 2010 Mar;183(3):255-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.03.034pubmed: 19553146google scholar: lookup
  2. Guitart R, Croubels S, Caloni F, Sachana M, Davanzo F, Vandenbroucke V, Berny P. Animal poisoning in Europe. Part 1: Farm livestock and poultry.. Vet J 2010 Mar;183(3):249-54.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.03.002pubmed: 19359202google scholar: lookup
  3. Anadón A., Martínez-Larrañaga M.R., Castellano V.. Poisonous plants of Europe. In: Gupta R.C., editor. Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles. 2nd ed. Elsevier Inc.; San Diego, CA, USA: 2012. pp. 1080–1094.
  4. Cortinovis C, Caloni F. Epidemiology of intoxication of domestic animals by plants in Europe.. Vet J 2013 Aug;197(2):163-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.03.007pubmed: 23570777google scholar: lookup
  5. Caloni F., Cortinovis C.. Plants poisonous to horses in Europe. Equine Vet. Educ. 2015;27:269–274.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.12274google scholar: lookup
  6. Ziegler J, Facchini PJ. Alkaloid biosynthesis: metabolism and trafficking.. Annu Rev Plant Biol 2008;59:735-69.
    doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092730pubmed: 18251710google scholar: lookup
  7. Panter K.E., Gardner D.R., Lee S.T., Pfister J.A., Ralphs M.H., Stegelmeier B.L., James L.F.. Important poisonous plants of the United States. In: Gupta R.C., editor. Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles. 2nd ed. Elsevier Inc.; San Diego, CA, USA: 2012. pp. 1031–1079.
  8. Stegelmeier BL. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing toxic plants (Senecio, Crotalaria, Cynoglossum, Amsinckia, Heliotropium, and Echium spp.).. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2011 Jul;27(2):419-28, ix.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2011.02.013pubmed: 21575778google scholar: lookup
  9. Panter KE, Welch KD, Gardner DR, Green BT. Poisonous plants: effects on embryo and fetal development.. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 2013 Dec;99(4):223-34.
    doi: 10.1002/bdrc.21053pubmed: 24339034google scholar: lookup
  10. Vetter J. Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L.).. Food Chem Toxicol 2004 Sep;42(9):1373-82.
    doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2004.04.009pubmed: 15234067google scholar: lookup
  11. Panter KE, James LF, Gardner DR. Lupines, poison-hemlock and Nicotiana spp: toxicity and teratogenicity in livestock.. J Nat Toxins 1999 Feb;8(1):117-34.
    pubmed: 10091132
  12. Binev R.. Cases of chronic intoxication with Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum) in calves. Int. J. Adv. Res. 2014;2:1–4.
  13. Binev R., Mitev J., Miteva T.. Intoxication with Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) in calves. Trakia J. Sci. 2007;5:40–50.
  14. Cramer L, Ernst L, Lubienski M, Papke U, Schiebel HM, Jerz G, Beuerle T. Structural and quantitative analysis of Equisetum alkaloids.. Phytochemistry 2015 Aug;116:269-282.
    doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.03.003pubmed: 25823584google scholar: lookup
  15. van Raamsdonk LW, Ozinga WA, Hoogenboom LA, Mulder PP, Mol JG, Groot MJ, van der Fels-Klerx HJ, de Nijs M. Exposure assessment of cattle via roughages to plants producing compounds of concern.. Food Chem 2015 Dec 15;189:27-37.
    doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.050pubmed: 26190597google scholar: lookup
  16. Aboling S., Rottmann S., Wolf P., Jahn-Falk D., Kamphues J.. Case Report: Complex Plant Poisoning in Heavily Pregnant Heifers in Germany. J. Vet. Sci. Technol. 2014;5:178.
    doi: 10.4172/2157-7579.1000178google scholar: lookup
  17. Stegelmeier BL, Gardner DR, James LF, Molyneux RJ. Pyrrole detection and the pathologic progression of Cynoglossum officinale (houndstongue) poisoning in horses.. J Vet Diagn Invest 1996 Jan;8(1):81-90.
    doi: 10.1177/104063879600800113pubmed: 9026086google scholar: lookup
  18. Pfister J.A., Molyneux R.J., Baker D.C.. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid content of houndstongue (Cynoglossum officinale L.). J. Range Manag. 1992;45:254–256.
  19. Zentek J, Aboling S, Kamphues J. [Accident report: animal nutrition in veterinary medicine--actual cases: houndstongue (Cynoglossum officinale) in pasture--a health hazard for horses].. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1999 Nov;106(11):475-7.
    pubmed: 10609417
  20. Crews C, Anderson WA. Detection of ragwort alkaloids in toxic hay by liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry.. Vet Rec 2009 Nov 7;165(19):568-9.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.165.19.568pubmed: 19897872google scholar: lookup
  21. West HJ. Clinical and pathological studies in horses with hepatic disease.. Equine Vet J 1996 Mar;28(2):146-56.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1996.tb01607.xpubmed: 8706647google scholar: lookup
  22. Vandenbroucke V., van Pelt H., de Backer P., Croubels S.. Animal poisonings in Belgium: A review of the past decade. Vlaams Diergeneeskund. Tijdschr. 2010;79:259–268.
  23. Passemard B., Priymenko N.. L’intoxication des chevaux par les séneçons, une réalité en France. Rev. Med. Vet. 2007;158:425–430.
  24. Vos JH, Geerts AA, Borgers JW, Mars MH, Muskens JA, van Wuijckhuise-Sjouke LA. [Senecio jacobaea: deceiving beauty. Senecio jacobaea poisoning].. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 2002 Dec 15;127(24):753-6.
    pubmed: 12516386
  25. Braun U, Linggi T, Pospischil A. Ultrasonographic findings in three cows with chronic ragwort (Senecio alpinus) poisoning.. Vet Rec 1999 Jan 30;144(5):122-6.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.144.5.122pubmed: 10070702google scholar: lookup
  26. Moyano MR, García A, Rueda A, Molina AM, Mendez A, Infante F. Echium vulgare and Senecio vulgaris poisoning in fighting bulls.. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 2006 Feb;53(1):24-5.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2006.00780.xpubmed: 16411904google scholar: lookup
  27. . Suspected Ragwort Poisoning among Suckler Cows in Aberdeen.. Vet Rec 2015 Jun 6;176(23):590-3.
    pubmed: 26044685doi: 10.1136/vr.h2764google scholar: lookup
  28. Chenchen W, Wenlong W, Xiaoxue L, Feng M, Dandan C, Xiaowen Y, Shanshan W, Pengshuai G, Hao L, Baoyu Z. Pathogenesis and preventive treatment for animal disease due to locoweed poisoning.. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2014 Jan;37(1):336-47.
    pubmed: 24388907doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.11.013google scholar: lookup
  29. Pfister JA, Stegelmeier BL, Cheney CD, Gardner DR. Effect of previous locoweed (Astragalus and Oxytropis species) intoxication on conditioned taste aversions in horses and sheep.. J Anim Sci 2007 Jul;85(7):1836-41.
    doi: 10.2527/jas.2007-0046pubmed: 17431041google scholar: lookup
  30. Nollet H., Panter K., Vanschandevijl K., Lefere L., Stegelmeier B., Deprez P.. Suspected swainsonine poisoning in a Belgian horse. Equine Vet. Educ. 2008;20:62–65.
  31. Zhang JW, Gao JM, Xu T, Zhang XC, Ma YT, Jarussophon S, Konishi Y. Antifungal activity of alkaloids from the seeds of Chimonanthus praecox.. Chem Biodivers 2009 Jun;6(6):838-45.
    doi: 10.1002/cbdv.200800089pubmed: 19551726google scholar: lookup
  32. Wang W.X., Cao L., Xiong J., Xia G., Hu J.F.. Constituents from Chimonanthus praecox (wintersweet). Phytochem. Lett. 2011;4:271–274.
    doi: 10.1016/j.phytol.2011.04.012google scholar: lookup
  33. Chebib M, Duke RK, Duke CC, Connor M, Mewett KN, Johnston GA. Convulsant actions of calycanthine.. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2003 Jul 1;190(1):58-64.
    doi: 10.1016/S0041-008X(03)00149-2pubmed: 12831783google scholar: lookup
  34. Caloni F, Cortinovis C, Rivolta M, Alonge S, Davanzo F. Plant poisoning in domestic animals: epidemiological data from an Italian survey (2000-2011).. Vet Rec 2013 Jun 1;172(22):580.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.101225pubmed: 23716536google scholar: lookup
  35. Kupper J, Rentsch K, Mittelholzer A, Artho R, Meyer S, Kupferschmidt H, Naegeli H. A fatal case of autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale) poisoning in a heifer: confirmation by mass-spectrometric colchicine detection.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010 Jan;22(1):119-22.
    doi: 10.1177/104063871002200125pubmed: 20093699google scholar: lookup
  36. Jung L.S., Eckstein R.L., Otte A., Donath T.W.. Above- and below-ground nutrient and alkaloid dynamics in Colchicum autumnale: Optimal mowing dates for population control or low hay toxicity. Weed Res. 2012;52:348–357.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2012.00923.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  37. Winter S., Jung L.S., Eckstein R.L., Otte A., Donath T.W., Kriechbaum M., Hooftman D.. Control of the toxic plant Colchicum autumnale in semi-natural grasslands: Effects of cutting treatments on demography and diversity. J. Appl. Ecol. 2014;51:524–533.
    doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.12217google scholar: lookup
  38. Kamphues J, Meyer H. [Meadow saffron (Colchicum autumnale) in hay and colic in horses].. Tierarztl Prax 1990 Jun;18(3):273-5.
    pubmed: 2377991
  39. Schrader A, Schulz O, Völker H, Puls H. [Recent plant poisoning in ruminants of northern and eastern Germany. Communication from the practice for the practice].. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2001 May-Jun;114(5-6):218-21.
    pubmed: 11413718
  40. Wolf P., Wichert B., Aboling S., Kienzle E., Bartels T., Kamphues J.. Herbstzeitlose (Colchicum autumnale)—Vorkommen und mögliche Effekte bei Pferden. Tierärztliche Prax. 2009;37:330–336.
  41. Soler-Rodríguez F, Martín A, García-Cambero JP, Oropesa AL, Pérez-López M. Datura stramonium poisoning in horses: a risk factor for colic.. Vet Rec 2006 Jan 28;158(4):132-3.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.158.4.132pubmed: 16443840google scholar: lookup
  42. Binev R.. Intoxication by Jimson Weed (Datura stramonium) in animals. Ecol. Future Bulg. J. Ecol. Sci. 2010;9:9–16.
  43. Binev R, Valchev I, Nikolov J. Clinical and pathological studies on intoxication in horses from freshly cut Jimson weed (Datura stramonium)-contaminated maize intended for ensiling.. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2006 Dec;77(4):215-9.
    pubmed: 17458348
  44. Bofill F.X., Bofill J., Such G., Piqué E., Guitart R.. Dos casos de intoxicación por contaminación de maíz con Datura stramonium en ganado vacuno. Rev. Toxicol. 2007;24:56–58.
  45. Botha CJ, Naudé TW. Plant poisonings and mycotoxicoses of importance in horses in southern Africa.. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2002 Sep;73(3):91-7.
    pubmed: 12515293doi: 10.4102/jsava.v73i3.567google scholar: lookup
  46. Naidoo V.. Datura species and related plants. In: Gupta R.C., editor. Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles. 2nd ed. Elsevier Inc.; San Diego, CA, USA: 2012. pp. 1152–1160.
  47. Tiwary AK, Puschner B, Kinde H, Tor ER. Diagnosis of Taxus (yew) poisoning in a horse.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2005 May;17(3):252-5.
    doi: 10.1177/104063870501700307pubmed: 15945382google scholar: lookup
  48. Wilson CR, Sauer J, Hooser SB. Taxines: a review of the mechanism and toxicity of yew (Taxus spp.) alkaloids.. Toxicon 2001 Feb-Mar;39(2-3):175-85.
    doi: 10.1016/S0041-0101(00)00146-Xpubmed: 10978734google scholar: lookup
  49. Wilson C.R., Hooser S.B.. Toxicity of yew (Taxus spp.) alkaloids. In: Gupta R.C., editor. Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles. 2nd ed. Elsevier Inc.; San Diego, CA, USA: 2012. pp. 1121–1127.
  50. . Northern Ireland disease surveillance report, October to December 2013.. Vet Rec 2014 Feb 8;174(6):139-41.
    pubmed: 24509392doi: 10.1136/vr.g1333google scholar: lookup
  51. Curti R, Kupper J, Kupferschmidt H, Naegeli H. [A retrospective study of animal poisoning reports to the Swiss Toxicological Information Centre (1997 - 2006)].. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 2009 Jun;151(6):265-73.
    doi: 10.1024/0036-7281.151.6.265pubmed: 19496046google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 29 times.
  1. Kisiel A, Krzemińska A, Cembrowska-Lech D, Miller T. Data Science and Plant Metabolomics. Metabolites 2023 Mar 20;13(3).
    doi: 10.3390/metabo13030454pubmed: 36984894google scholar: lookup
  2. Sadgrove NJ. Comment on Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Terpenes from Senecio (Asteraceae): Chemistry and Research Gaps in Africa. Molecules 2022 Dec 13;27(24).
    doi: 10.3390/molecules27248868pubmed: 36558004google scholar: lookup
  3. Odilia MR, Putri DTZA, Rosetyadewi AW, Wijayanti AD, Budiyanto A, Jadi AR, Pratama AM. Identification of antinutritional, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity of plants that cause livestock poisoning in Bojonegoro Regency, Indonesia. Vet World 2022 Sep;15(9):2131-2140.
    doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2131-2140pubmed: 36341053google scholar: lookup
  4. Muchtaridi M, Amirah SR, Harmonis JA, Ikram EHK. Role of Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2 (Nrf2) in the Recovery of Long COVID-19 Using Natural Antioxidants: A Systematic Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022 Aug 10;11(8).
    doi: 10.3390/antiox11081551pubmed: 36009268google scholar: lookup
  5. Chamorro-Cevallos G, Mojica-Villegas MA, García-Martínez Y, Pérez-Gutiérrez S, Madrigal-Santillán E, Vargas-Mendoza N, Morales-González JA, Cristóbal-Luna JM. A Complete Review of Mexican Plants with Teratogenic Effects. Plants (Basel) 2022 Jun 24;11(13).
    doi: 10.3390/plants11131675pubmed: 35807626google scholar: lookup
  6. Ohlsen S, Ganter M, Wohlsein P, Reckels B, Huckauf A, Lenzewski N, Aboling S. Grazing Ecology of Sheep and Its Impact on Vegetation and Animal Health on Pastures Dominated by Common Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.)-Part 2: Animal Health. Animals (Basel) 2022 May 18;12(10).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12101289pubmed: 35625135google scholar: lookup
  7. Ohlsen S, Ganter M, Wohlsein P, Reckels B, Huckauf A, Lenzewski N, Aboling S. Grazing Ecology of Sheep and Its Impact on Vegetation and Animal Health in Pastures Dominated by Common Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.)-Part 1: Vegetation. Animals (Basel) 2022 Apr 12;12(8).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12081000pubmed: 35454247google scholar: lookup
  8. Moshobane MC, Bertero A, Marks C, Stephen C, Mothapo NP, Middleton L, Caloni F. Plants and mushrooms associated with animal poisoning incidents in South Africa. Vet Rec Open 2020;7(1):e000402.
    doi: 10.1136/vetreco-2020-000402pubmed: 33262890google scholar: lookup
  9. Veeren B, Ghaddar B, Bringart M, Khazaal S, Gonthier MP, Meilhac O, Diotel N, Bascands JL. Phenolic Profile of Herbal Infusion and Polyphenol-Rich Extract from Leaves of the Medicinal Plant Antirhea borbonica: Toxicity Assay Determination in Zebrafish Embryos and Larvae. Molecules 2020 Sep 29;25(19).
    doi: 10.3390/molecules25194482pubmed: 33003608google scholar: lookup
  10. Grosu E, Ichim MC. Turning Meadow Weeds Into Valuable Species for the Romanian Ethnomedicine While Complying With the Environmentally Friendly Farming Requirements of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy. Front Pharmacol 2020;11:529.
    doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00529pubmed: 32390852google scholar: lookup
  11. Mravčáková D, Váradyová Z, Kopčáková A, Čobanová K, Grešáková Ľ, Kišidayová S, Babják M, Dolinská MU, Dvorožňáková E, Königová A, Vadlejch J, Cieslak A, Ślusarczyk S, Várady M. Natural chemotherapeutic alternatives for controlling of haemonchosis in sheep. BMC Vet Res 2019 Aug 20;15(1):302.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-019-2050-2pubmed: 31429752google scholar: lookup
  12. Russo R, Restucci B, Vassallo A, Cortese L, D'Ambola M, Montagnaro S, Ciarcia R, Florio S, De Tommasi N, Severino L. Toxicity of Crepis lacera in grazing ruminants. BMC Vet Res 2018 Mar 7;14(1):74.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1393-4pubmed: 29514628google scholar: lookup
  13. Soulaidopoulos S, Sinakos E, Dimopoulou D, Vettas C, Cholongitas E, Garyfallos A. Anticholinergic syndrome induced by toxic plants. World J Emerg Med 2017;8(4):297-301.
    doi: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2017.04.009pubmed: 29123609google scholar: lookup
  14. Brtalik D, Stopyra J, Hannum J. Intravenous Poison Hemlock Injection Resulting in Prolonged Respiratory Failure and Encephalopathy. J Med Toxicol 2017 Jun;13(2):180-182.
    doi: 10.1007/s13181-017-0601-0pubmed: 28168558google scholar: lookup
  15. Mezzasalma V, Ganopoulos I, Galimberti A, Cornara L, Ferri E, Labra M. Poisonous or non-poisonous plants? DNA-based tools and applications for accurate identification. Int J Legal Med 2017 Jan;131(1):1-19.
    doi: 10.1007/s00414-016-1460-ypubmed: 27796590google scholar: lookup
  16. Leone S, Pallante I, Zanardello C, Zacometti C, Patregnani T, Foiani G, Tata A, Stella R, Merenda M, Pozzato N. Clinical and pathologic changes in small ruminants with acute Chimonanthus praecox (wintersweet) intoxication confirmed by analytical chemistry. J Vet Diagn Invest 2026 Jan;38(1):112-115.
    doi: 10.1177/10406387251382610pubmed: 41185551google scholar: lookup
  17. Barmettler K, Fäh A, Naegeli H, Poetzsch SN, Weisser S, Stephan R. Colchicum autumnale poisoning in a dairy farm in Switzerland: a glimpse at the milk safety aspect. Ital J Food Saf 2025 Nov 17;14(4).
    doi: 10.4081/ijfs.2025.13828pubmed: 40905265google scholar: lookup
  18. Ahsin M, Poore MH, Rogers J, Franzluebbers A, Young SN, Kronberg SL, Provenza FD, Bain JR, van Vliet S. Soil and pasture health underlie improved beef nutrient density determined by untargeted metabolomics in Southern US grass finished beef systems. NPJ Sci Food 2025 Jul 24;9(1):151.
    doi: 10.1038/s41538-025-00471-2pubmed: 40707531google scholar: lookup
  19. Kis S, Molnár V A. Content Analysis of Digital Archives Contributes to the Historical Distribution and Folk Knowledge of the Highly Toxic Cicuta virosa L. in Hungary. Plants (Basel) 2025 Jan 21;14(3).
    doi: 10.3390/plants14030315pubmed: 39942877google scholar: lookup
  20. Nardin T, Piasentier E, Romanzin A, Martinelli F, Larcher R. Alkaloid profile of Italian alpine milk. J Food Sci 2025 Feb;90(2):e70027.
    doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.70027pubmed: 39902930google scholar: lookup
  21. Novotna T, Samonilova E, Klan J, Frgelecova L, Mala A, Svobodova Z, Drabkova Z. Robinia pseudoacacia poisoning in two horses: A case report. Vet Med (Praha) 2024 Nov;69(11):395-400.
    doi: 10.17221/55/2024-VETMEDpubmed: 39810820google scholar: lookup
  22. Matlala T, Maseko RB, Kgosana KG. Antioxidant properties, anti-nutritive and toxic factors of Terminalia sericea in Onderstepoort. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2024 Oct 28;91(1):e1-e15.
    doi: 10.4102/ojvr.v91i1.2172pubmed: 39494643google scholar: lookup
  23. Kopecka A, Novotna T, Svobodova Z, Drabkova Z. Senecio ovatus poisoning in a horse - A case report. Vet Med (Praha) 2024 Sep;69(9):329-336.
    doi: 10.17221/37/2024-VETMEDpubmed: 39474359google scholar: lookup
  24. Evans N, Cloward J, Ward RE, van Wietmarschen HA, van Eekeren N, Kronberg SL, Provenza FD, van Vliet S. Pasture-finishing of cattle in Western U.S. rangelands improves markers of animal metabolic health and nutritional compounds in beef. Sci Rep 2024 Aug 30;14(1):20240.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-71073-3pubmed: 39215122google scholar: lookup
  25. Aboling S. Do Poisonous Plants in Pastures Communicate Their Toxicity? Meta-Study and Evaluation of Poisoning Cases in Central Europe. Animals (Basel) 2023 Dec 8;13(24).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13243795pubmed: 38136831google scholar: lookup
  26. Huber K, Saltzmann J, Daenicke S. Metabolite Profiling in the Liver, Plasma and Milk of Dairy Cows Exposed to Tansy Ragwort (Senecio jacobae) Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids. Toxins (Basel) 2023 Oct 6;15(10).
    doi: 10.3390/toxins15100601pubmed: 37888632google scholar: lookup
  27. Knapp C, Van Dyke T, Foster D. Wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox) toxicity in 5 sheep. J Vet Intern Med 2023 Nov-Dec;37(6):2478-2481.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16905pubmed: 37855228google scholar: lookup
  28. Cong L, Ma J, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Cong X, Hao M. Effect of anti-skin disorders of ginsenosides- A Systematic Review. J Ginseng Res 2023 Sep;47(5):605-614.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.04.005pubmed: 37720567google scholar: lookup
  29. Rivera D, Verde A, Fajardo Rodríguez J, Ríos S, Alcaraz F, Cárceles C, Ortíz J, Valdés A, Ruíz-Gallardo JR, García-Flores A, Palazón JA, Obón C. Ethnoveterinary Medicine and Ethnopharmacology in the Main Transhumance Areas of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain). Front Vet Sci 2022;9:866132.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.866132pubmed: 35591874google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.