FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Stem Cells Int / Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cell Treatment Induces Specific ...
Stem cells international2016; 2016; 5830103; doi: 10.1155/2016/5830103

Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cell Treatment Induces Specific Alloantibodies in Horses.

Abstract: Background. It is unknown whether horses that receive allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) injections develop specific humoral immune response. Our goal was to develop and validate a flow cytometric MSC crossmatch procedure and to determine if horses that received allogeneic MSCs in a clinical setting developed measurable antibodies following MSC administration. Methods. Serum was collected from a total of 19 horses enrolled in 3 different research projects. Horses in the 3 studies all received unmatched allogeneic MSCs. Bone marrow (BM) or adipose tissue derived MSCs (ad-MSCs) were administered via intravenous, intra-arterial, intratendon, or intraocular routes. Anti-MSCs and anti-bovine serum albumin antibodies were detected via flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively. Results. Overall, anti-MSC antibodies were detected in 37% of the horses. The majority of horses (89%) were positive for anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) antibodies prior to and after MSC injection. Finally, there was no correlation between the amount of anti-BSA antibody and the development of anti-MSC antibodies. Conclusion. Anti allo-MSC antibody development was common; however, the significance of these antibodies is unknown. There was no correlation between either the presence or absence of antibodies and the percent antibody binding to MSCs and any adverse reaction to a MSC injection.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2016-08-28 PubMed ID: 27648075PubMed Central: PMC5018342DOI: 10.1155/2016/5830103Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study aimed to determine whether horses develop a specific immune response after receiving injections of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from a different individual. The researchers developed a process to measure this, and found that 37% of the horses did develop antibodies against the injected MSCs, although the impact of these antibodies remains uncertain.

Research methodology

  • The study involved 19 horses that were part of three separate research projects. All these horses received allogeneic MSCs – these are stem cells derived from a different individual of the same species.
  • The MSCs were either extracted from bone marrow or adipose tissue, and were administered in various ways – intravenously, intra-arterial, intratendon, or intraocular routes.
  • The researchers developed and validated a flow cytometric MSC crossmatch procedure. This is a method used to detect and measure antibodies in the horses’ serum that react with the MSCs.
  • The presence of antibodies against MSCs and against bovine serum albumin (BSA) – a protein often used in allergy research – were detected using flow cytometry and ELISA test, respectively.

Research findings

  • They discovered that anti-MSC antibodies were found in 37% of the horses, indicating that these animals did develop an immune response against the introduced MSCs.
  • They also found that majority of the horses (89%) tested positive for antibodies against BSA before and after the MSC injection. This result didn’t show any significant correlation with the development of anti-MSC antibodies.
  • Despite these findings, the researchers found no correlation between the presence or absence of antibodies and the percentage of antibodies binding to MSCs and any negative reactions to the MSC injection.

Conclusion

  • The researchers concluded that while the development of antibodies against the allogeneic MSCs was common among horses, the clinical significance of these antibodies is still unknown. Further studies are needed to assess the impact of these antibodies in the effectiveness of MSC treatment in horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Owens SD, Kol A, Walker NJ, Borjesson DL. (2016). Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cell Treatment Induces Specific Alloantibodies in Horses. Stem Cells Int, 2016, 5830103. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5830103

Publication

Stem cells international
ISSN: 1687-966X
NlmUniqueID: 101535822
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 2016
Pages: 5830103
PII: 5830103

Researcher Affiliations

Owens, Sean D
  • Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Kol, Amir
  • Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Walker, Naomi J
  • Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Borjesson, Dori L
  • Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.

References

This article includes 27 references
  1. Kol A, Wood JA, Carrade Holt DD, Gillette JA, Bohannon-Worsley LK, Puchalski SM, Walker NJ, Clark KC, Watson JL, Borjesson DL. Multiple intravenous injections of allogeneic equine mesenchymal stem cells do not induce a systemic inflammatory response but do alter lymphocyte subsets in healthy horses.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015 Apr 15;6(1):73.
    doi: 10.1186/s13287-015-0050-0pmc: PMC4446064pubmed: 25888916google scholar: lookup
  2. Lalu MM, McIntyre L, Pugliese C, Fergusson D, Winston BW, Marshall JC, Granton J, Stewart DJ. Safety of cell therapy with mesenchymal stromal cells (SafeCell): a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.. PLoS One 2012;7(10):e47559.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047559pmc: PMC3485008pubmed: 23133515google scholar: lookup
  3. Ankrum JA, Ong JF, Karp JM. Mesenchymal stem cells: immune evasive, not immune privileged.. Nat Biotechnol 2014 Mar;32(3):252-60.
    doi: 10.1038/nbt.2816pmc: PMC4320647pubmed: 24561556google scholar: lookup
  4. Trounson A, McDonald C. Stem Cell Therapies in Clinical Trials: Progress and Challenges.. Cell Stem Cell 2015 Jul 2;17(1):11-22.
    doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.06.007pubmed: 26140604google scholar: lookup
  5. Le Blanc K, Tammik C, Rosendahl K, Zetterberg E, Ringdén O. HLA expression and immunologic properties of differentiated and undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells.. Exp Hematol 2003 Oct;31(10):890-6.
    doi: 10.1016/S0301-472X(03)00110-3pubmed: 14550804google scholar: lookup
  6. Sundin M, Ringdén O, Sundberg B, Nava S, Götherström C, Le Blanc K. No alloantibodies against mesenchymal stromal cells, but presence of anti-fetal calf serum antibodies, after transplantation in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell recipients.. Haematologica 2007 Sep;92(9):1208-15.
    doi: 10.3324/haematol.11446pubmed: 17666368google scholar: lookup
  7. Hare JM, Fishman JE, Gerstenblith G, DiFede Velazquez DL, Zambrano JP, Suncion VY, Tracy M, Ghersin E, Johnston PV, Brinker JA, Breton E, Davis-Sproul J, Schulman IH, Byrnes J, Mendizabal AM, Lowery MH, Rouy D, Altman P, Wong Po Foo C, Ruiz P, Amador A, Da Silva J, McNiece IK, Heldman AW, George R, Lardo A. Comparison of allogeneic vs autologous bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells delivered by transendocardial injection in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy: the POSEIDON randomized trial.. JAMA 2012 Dec 12;308(22):2369-79.
    doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.25321pmc: PMC4762261pubmed: 23117550google scholar: lookup
  8. Pezzanite LM, Fortier LA, Antczak DF, Cassano JM, Brosnahan MM, Miller D, Schnabel LV. Equine allogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells elicit antibody responses in vivo.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015 Apr 12;6(1):54.
    doi: 10.1186/s13287-015-0053-xpmc: PMC4414005pubmed: 25889095google scholar: lookup
  9. Sun L, Akiyama K, Zhang H, Yamaza T, Hou Y, Zhao S, Xu T, Le A, Shi S. Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation reverses multiorgan dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus mice and humans.. Stem Cells 2009 Jun;27(6):1421-32.
    doi: 10.1002/stem.68pmc: PMC2704254pubmed: 19489103google scholar: lookup
  10. Isakova IA, Lanclos C, Bruhn J, Kuroda MJ, Baker KC, Krishnappa V, Phinney DG. Allo-reactivity of mesenchymal stem cells in rhesus macaques is dose and haplotype dependent and limits durable cell engraftment in vivo.. PLoS One 2014;9(1):e87238.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087238pmc: PMC3906169pubmed: 24489878google scholar: lookup
  11. Toupadakis CA, Wong A, Genetos DC, Cheung WK, Borjesson DL, Ferraro GL, Galuppo LD, Leach JK, Owens SD, Yellowley CE. Comparison of the osteogenic potential of equine mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord blood, and umbilical cord tissue.. Am J Vet Res 2010 Oct;71(10):1237-45.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.71.10.1237pubmed: 20919913google scholar: lookup
  12. Moll G, Rasmusson-Duprez I, von Bahr L, Connolly-Andersen AM, Elgue G, Funke L, Hamad OA, Lönnies H, Magnusson PU, Sanchez J, Teramura Y, Nilsson-Ekdahl K, Ringdén O, Korsgren O, Nilsson B, Le Blanc K. Are therapeutic human mesenchymal stromal cells compatible with human blood?. Stem Cells 2012 Jul;30(7):1565-74.
    doi: 10.1002/stem.1111pubmed: 22522999google scholar: lookup
  13. Schuh EM, Friedman MS, Carrade DD, Li J, Heeke D, Oyserman SM, Galuppo LD, Lara DJ, Walker NJ, Ferraro GL, Owens SD, Borjesson DL. Identification of variables that optimize isolation and culture of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells from equine umbilical-cord blood.. Am J Vet Res 2009 Dec;70(12):1526-35.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.70.12.1526pubmed: 19951125google scholar: lookup
  14. Owens SD, Snipes J, Magdesian KG, Christopher MM. Evaluation of a rapid agglutination method for detection of equine red cell surface antigens (Ca and Aa) as part of pretransfusion testing.. Vet Clin Pathol 2008 Mar;37(1):49-56.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2008.00003.xpubmed: 18366544google scholar: lookup
  15. Gershwin LJ, Netherwood KA, Norris MS, Behrens NE, Shao MX. Equine IgE responses to non-viral vaccine components.. Vaccine 2012 Dec 14;30(52):7615-20.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.029pubmed: 23088888google scholar: lookup
  16. Carrade DD, Owens SD, Galuppo LD, Vidal MA, Ferraro GL, Librach F, Buerchler S, Friedman MS, Walker NJ, Borjesson DL. Clinicopathologic findings following intra-articular injection of autologous and allogeneic placentally derived equine mesenchymal stem cells in horses.. Cytotherapy 2011 Apr;13(4):419-30.
    doi: 10.3109/14653249.2010.536213pubmed: 21105841google scholar: lookup
  17. Clark KC, Kol A, Shahbenderian S, Granick JL, Walker NJ, Borjesson DL. Canine and Equine Mesenchymal Stem Cells Grown in Serum Free Media Have Altered Immunophenotype.. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016 Apr;12(2):245-56.
    doi: 10.1007/s12015-015-9638-0pmc: PMC4841858pubmed: 26638159google scholar: lookup
  18. Sole A, Spriet M, Padgett KA, Vaughan B, Galuppo LD, Borjesson DL, Wisner ER, Vidal MA. Distribution and persistence of technetium-99 hexamethyl propylene amine oxime-labelled bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in experimentally induced tendon lesions after intratendinous injection and regional perfusion of the equine distal limb.. Equine Vet J 2013 Nov;45(6):726-31.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12063pubmed: 23574488google scholar: lookup
  19. Sole A, Spriet M, Galuppo LD, Padgett KA, Borjesson DL, Wisner ER, Brosnan RJ, Vidal MA. Scintigraphic evaluation of intra-arterial and intravenous regional limb perfusion of allogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the normal equine distal limb using (99m) Tc-HMPAO.. Equine Vet J 2012 Sep;44(5):594-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00530.xpubmed: 22212017google scholar: lookup
  20. Bartholomew A, Sturgeon C, Siatskas M, Ferrer K, McIntosh K, Patil S, Hardy W, Devine S, Ucker D, Deans R, Moseley A, Hoffman R. Mesenchymal stem cells suppress lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and prolong skin graft survival in vivo.. Exp Hematol 2002 Jan;30(1):42-8.
    doi: 10.1016/S0301-472X(01)00769-Xpubmed: 11823036google scholar: lookup
  21. Schu S, Nosov M, O'Flynn L, Shaw G, Treacy O, Barry F, Murphy M, O'Brien T, Ritter T. Immunogenicity of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells.. J Cell Mol Med 2012 Sep;16(9):2094-103.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01509.xpmc: PMC3822979pubmed: 22151542google scholar: lookup
  22. Beggs KJ, Lyubimov A, Borneman JN, Bartholomew A, Moseley A, Dodds R, Archambault MP, Smith AK, McIntosh KR. Immunologic consequences of multiple, high-dose administration of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells to baboons.. Cell Transplant 2006;15(8-9):711-21.
    doi: 10.3727/000000006783981503pubmed: 17269442google scholar: lookup
  23. Pappous C, Verbelis P. [Allergic reactions in cattle vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease with vaccines prepared from viruses cultivated in BHK cells in roller bottles].. Dev Biol Stand 1976;35:97-101.
    pubmed: 198319
  24. SIZARET P, RECULARD P, CARAES Y, VIRAT B. [ETIOLOGY OF SOME PRIMARY SERUM SHOCKS. IV. DEMONSTRATION AND EXPLANATION OF THE PRESENCE OF EQUINE ANTIGENS IN AN ANTI-SWINE ERYSIPELAS A VACCINE. DEMONSTRATION OF THESE ANTIGENS IN 2 OTHER VACCINES].. Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 1964 Jan;106:95-107.
    pubmed: 14133233
  25. Ohmori K, Masuda K, Maeda S, Kaburagi Y, Kurata K, Ohno K, Deboer DJ, Tsujimoto H, Sakaguchi M. IgE reactivity to vaccine components in dogs that developed immediate-type allergic reactions after vaccination.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005 Apr 8;104(3-4):249-56.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.12.003pmc: PMC7112531pubmed: 15734545google scholar: lookup
  26. Horwitz EM, Gordon PL, Koo WK, Marx JC, Neel MD, McNall RY, Muul L, Hofmann T. Isolated allogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells engraft and stimulate growth in children with osteogenesis imperfecta: Implications for cell therapy of bone.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002 Jun 25;99(13):8932-7.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.132252399pmc: PMC124401pubmed: 12084934google scholar: lookup
  27. Spees JL, Gregory CA, Singh H, Tucker HA, Peister A, Lynch PJ, Hsu SC, Smith J, Prockop DJ. Internalized antigens must be removed to prepare hypoimmunogenic mesenchymal stem cells for cell and gene therapy.. Mol Ther 2004 May;9(5):747-56.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.02.012pubmed: 15120336google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 29 times.
  1. Hoang VT, Nguyen HP, Nguyen VN, Hoang DM, Nguyen TT, Nguyen Thanh L. "Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy for the management of female sexual dysfunction: Literature reviews and study design of a clinical trial".. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022;10:956274.
    doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.956274pubmed: 36247008google scholar: lookup
  2. Pilgrim CR, McCahill KA, Rops JG, Dufour JM, Russell KA, Koch TG. A Review of Fetal Bovine Serum in the Culture of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Potential Alternatives for Veterinary Medicine.. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:859025.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.859025pubmed: 35591873google scholar: lookup
  3. Rosa GDS, Krieck AMT, Padula ET, Stievani FC, Rossi MC, Pfeifer JPH, Basso RM, Braz AMM, Golim MA, Alves ALG. Production of Cytotoxic Antibodies After Intra-Articular Injection of Allogeneic Synovial Membrane Mesenchymal Stem Cells With and Without LPS Administration.. Front Immunol 2022;13:871216.
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.871216pubmed: 35572507google scholar: lookup
  4. Depuydt E, Broeckx SY, Chiers K, Patruno M, Da Dalt L, Duchateau L, Saunders J, Pille F, Martens A, Van Hecke L, Spaas JH. Cellular and Humoral Immunogenicity Investigation of Single and Repeated Allogeneic Tenogenic Primed Mesenchymal Stem Cell Treatments in Horses Suffering From Tendon Injuries.. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:789293.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.789293pubmed: 35281431google scholar: lookup
  5. Zhuang X, Hu X, Zhang S, Li X, Yuan X, Wu Y. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy as a New Approach for the Treatment of Systemic Sclerosis.. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2023 Jun;64(3):284-320.
    doi: 10.1007/s12016-021-08892-zpubmed: 35031958google scholar: lookup
  6. Arzi B, Webb TL, Koch TG, Volk SW, Betts DH, Watts A, Goodrich L, Kallos MS, Kol A. Cell Therapy in Veterinary Medicine as a Proof-of-Concept for Human Therapies: Perspectives From the North American Veterinary Regenerative Medicine Association.. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:779109.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.779109pubmed: 34917671google scholar: lookup
  7. Mund SJK, MacPhee DJ, Campbell J, Honaramooz A, Wobeser B, Barber SM. Macroscopic, Histologic, and Immunomodulatory Response of Limb Wounds Following Intravenous Allogeneic Cord Blood-Derived Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy in Horses.. Cells 2021 Nov 1;10(11).
    doi: 10.3390/cells10112972pubmed: 34831196google scholar: lookup
  8. Rowland AL, Burns ME, Levine GJ, Watts AE. Preparation Technique Affects Recipient Immune Targeting of Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells.. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:724041.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.724041pubmed: 34595230google scholar: lookup
  9. Benavides FP, Pinto GBA, Heckler MCT, Hurtado DMR, Teixeira LR, Monobe MMS, Machado GF, de Melo GD, Rodríguez-Sánchez DN, Alvarenga FDCLE, Amorim RM. Intrathecal Transplantation of Autologous and Allogeneic Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Dogs.. Cell Transplant 2021 Jan-Dec;30:9636897211034464.
    doi: 10.1177/09636897211034464pubmed: 34427495google scholar: lookup
  10. Kamm JL, Riley CB, Parlane N, Gee EK, McIlwraith CW. Interactions Between Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and the Recipient Immune System: A Comparative Review With Relevance to Equine Outcomes.. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:617647.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.617647pubmed: 33521090google scholar: lookup
  11. Wu X, Wu D, Mu Y, Zhao Y, Ma Z. Serum-Free Medium Enhances the Therapeutic Effects of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cells on a Murine Model for Acute Colitis.. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020;8:586.
    doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00586pubmed: 32671030google scholar: lookup
  12. Mund SJK, Kawamura E, Awang-Junaidi AH, Campbell J, Wobeser B, MacPhee DJ, Honaramooz A, Barber S. Homing and Engraftment of Intravenously Administered Equine Cord Blood-Derived Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells to Surgically Created Cutaneous Wound in Horses: A Pilot Project.. Cells 2020 May 8;9(5).
    doi: 10.3390/cells9051162pubmed: 32397125google scholar: lookup
  13. MacDonald ES, Barrett JG. The Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Treat Systemic Inflammation in Horses.. Front Vet Sci 2019;6:507.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00507pubmed: 32039250google scholar: lookup
  14. Barrachina L, Cequier A, Romero A, Vitoria A, Zaragoza P, Vázquez FJ, Rodellar C. Allo-antibody production after intraarticular administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in an equine osteoarthritis model: effect of repeated administration, MSC inflammatory stimulation, and equine leukocyte antigen (ELA) compatibility.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020 Feb 7;11(1):52.
    doi: 10.1186/s13287-020-1571-8pubmed: 32028995google scholar: lookup
  15. Ahn SY, Maeng YS, Kim YR, Choe YH, Hwang HS, Hyun YM. In vivo monitoring of dynamic interaction between neutrophil and human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cell in mouse liver during sepsis.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020 Feb 3;11(1):44.
    doi: 10.1186/s13287-020-1559-4pubmed: 32014040google scholar: lookup
  16. Gugjoo MB, Hussain S, Amarpal, Shah RA, Dhama K. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Mediated Immuno-Modulatory and Anti- Inflammatory Mechanisms in Immune and Allergic Disorders.. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov 2020;14(1):3-14.
    doi: 10.2174/1872213X14666200130100236pubmed: 32000656google scholar: lookup
  17. Alicka M, Kornicka-Garbowska K, Kucharczyk K, Kępska M, Rӧcken M, Marycz K. Age-dependent impairment of adipose-derived stem cells isolated from horses.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020 Jan 3;11(1):4.
    doi: 10.1186/s13287-019-1512-6pubmed: 31900232google scholar: lookup
  18. Marycz K, Szłapka-Kosarzewska J, Geburek F, Kornicka-Garbowska K. Systemic Administration of Rejuvenated Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves Liver Metabolism in Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS)- New Approach in Veterinary Regenerative Medicine.. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2019 Dec;15(6):842-850.
    doi: 10.1007/s12015-019-09913-3pubmed: 31620992google scholar: lookup
  19. Ma ZJ, Wang YH, Li ZG, Wang Y, Li BY, Kang HY, Wu XY. Immunosuppressive Effect of Exosomes from Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Defined Medium on Experimental Colitis.. Int J Stem Cells 2019 Nov 30;12(3):440-448.
    doi: 10.15283/ijsc18139pubmed: 31242720google scholar: lookup
  20. Cabon Q, Febre M, Gomez N, Cachon T, Pillard P, Carozzo C, Saulnier N, Robert C, Livet V, Rakic R, Plantier N, Saas P, Maddens S, Viguier E. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Single or Repeated Intra-Articular Injection of Allogeneic Neonatal Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Managing Pain and Lameness in Moderate to Severe Canine Osteoarthritis Without Anti-inflammatory Pharmacological Support: Pilot Clinical Study.. Front Vet Sci 2019;6:10.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00010pubmed: 30805348google scholar: lookup
  21. Kornicka K, Szłapka-Kosarzewska J, Śmieszek A, Marycz K. 5-Azacytydine and resveratrol reverse senescence and ageing of adipose stem cells via modulation of mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy.. J Cell Mol Med 2019 Jan;23(1):237-259.
    doi: 10.1111/jcmm.13914pubmed: 30370650google scholar: lookup
  22. Marycz K, Kornicka K, Irwin-Houston JM, Weiss C. Combination of resveratrol and 5-azacytydine improves osteogenesis of metabolic syndrome mesenchymal stem cells.. J Cell Mol Med 2018 Oct;22(10):4771-4793.
    doi: 10.1111/jcmm.13731pubmed: 29999247google scholar: lookup
  23. Bogers SH. Cell-Based Therapies for Joint Disease in Veterinary Medicine: What We Have Learned and What We Need to Know.. Front Vet Sci 2018;5:70.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00070pubmed: 29713634google scholar: lookup
  24. Barberini DJ, Aleman M, Aristizabal F, Spriet M, Clark KC, Walker NJ, Galuppo LD, Amorim RM, Woolard KD, Borjesson DL. Safety and tracking of intrathecal allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in healthy and diseased horses.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018 Apr 10;9(1):96.
    doi: 10.1186/s13287-018-0849-6pubmed: 29631634google scholar: lookup
  25. Berglund AK, Fortier LA, Antczak DF, Schnabel LV. Immunoprivileged no more: measuring the immunogenicity of allogeneic adult mesenchymal stem cells.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017 Dec 22;8(1):288.
    doi: 10.1186/s13287-017-0742-8pubmed: 29273086google scholar: lookup
  26. Textor JA, Clark KC, Walker NJ, Aristizobal FA, Kol A, LeJeune SS, Bledsoe A, Davidyan A, Gray SN, Bohannon-Worsley LK, Woolard KD, Borjesson DL. Allogeneic Stem Cells Alter Gene Expression and Improve Healing of Distal Limb Wounds in Horses.. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018 Jan;7(1):98-108.
    doi: 10.1002/sctm.17-0071pubmed: 29063737google scholar: lookup
  27. Angelone M, Conti V, Biacca C, Battaglia B, Pecorari L, Piana F, Gnudi G, Leonardi F, Ramoni R, Basini G, Dotti S, Renzi S, Ferrari M, Grolli S. The Contribution of Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Platelet-Rich Plasma to the Treatment of Chronic Equine Laminitis: A Proof of Concept.. Int J Mol Sci 2017 Oct 11;18(10).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms18102122pubmed: 29019941google scholar: lookup
  28. Beerts C, Suls M, Broeckx SY, Seys B, Vandenberghe A, Declercq J, Duchateau L, Vidal MA, Spaas JH. Tenogenically Induced Allogeneic Peripheral Blood Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Allogeneic Platelet-Rich Plasma: 2-Year Follow-up after Tendon or Ligament Treatment in Horses.. Front Vet Sci 2017;4:158.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00158pubmed: 29018808google scholar: lookup
  29. Arzi B, Clark KC, Sundaram A, Spriet M, Verstraete FJM, Walker NJ, Loscar MR, Fazel N, Murphy WJ, Vapniarsky N, Borjesson DL. Therapeutic Efficacy of Fresh, Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Severe Refractory Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis.. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017 Aug;6(8):1710-1722.
    doi: 10.1002/sctm.17-0035pubmed: 28618186google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.