FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Front Genet / Analysis of ancient and modern horse genomes reveals the cri...
Frontiers in genetics2022; 13; 944933; doi: 10.3389/fgene.2022.944933

Analysis of ancient and modern horse genomes reveals the critical impact of lncRNA-mediated epigenetic regulation on horse domestication.

Abstract: The domestication of horses has played critical roles in human civilizations. The excavation of ancient horse DNA provides crucial data for studying horse domestication. Studies of horse domestication can shed light on the general mechanisms of animal domestication. We wish to explore the gene transcription regulation by long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that influence horse domestication. First, we assembled the ancient DNA sequences of multiple horses at different times and the genomes of horses, donkeys, and Przewalski horses. Second, we extracted sequences of lncRNA genes shared in ancient horses and sequences of lncRNA genes and the promoter regions of domestication-critical genes shared in modern horses, modern donkeys, and Przewalski horses to form two sample groups. Third, we used the LongTarget program to predict potential regulatory interactions between these lncRNAs and these domestication-critical genes and analyzed the differences between the regulation in ancient/modern horses and between horses/donkeys/Przewalski horses. Fourth, we performed functional enrichment analyses of genes that exhibit differences in epigenetic regulation. First, genes associated with neural crest development and domestication syndrome are important targets of lncRNAs. Second, compared with undomesticated Przewalski horses, more lncRNAs participate in the epigenetic regulation in modern horses and donkeys, suggesting that domestication is linked to more epigenetic regulatory changes. Third, lncRNAs' potential target genes in modern horses are mainly involved in two functional areas: 1) the nervous system, behavior, and cognition, and 2) muscle, body size, cardiac function, and metabolism. Domestication is linked to substantial epigenetic regulatory changes. Genes associated with neural crest development and domestication syndrome underwent noticeable lncRNA-mediated epigenetic regulation changes during horse domestication.
Copyright © 2022 Xu, Yang, Jiao and Zhu.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2022-10-05 PubMed ID: 36276948PubMed Central: PMC9579347DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.944933Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigates the genetic factors behind horse domestication, specifically the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in regulating gene transcription. The study analyzed ancient and modern horse genomes and identified significant changes in lncRNA-mediated epigenetic regulation that relate to domestication.

Methodology

  • The researchers began their investigation by gathering ancient horse DNA from various periods in history as well as modern genomes of horses, donkeys, and Przewalski horses (a wild relative of domestic horses).
  • They then singled out shared lncRNA genes in the ancient horse genomes and the shared lncRNA genes, along with promoter regions of genes critical for domestication, in the modern genomes.
  • With these gene samples, the team used a software program called LongTarget to predict potential regulatory associations between these lncRNAs and the crucial domestication genes. They then analyzed the regulatory differences in ancient versus modern horses, and between domesticated and undomesticated horse species.
  • Lastly, the researchers performed a functional enrichment analysis of those genes that showed alterations in their epigenetic, or lncRNA-mediated, regulation.

Findings

  • The analysis revealed that genes associated with neural crest development and what’s known as domestication syndrome are crucial targets of lncRNAs. This suggests a strong link between lncRNA-mediated epigenetic regulation and the domestication process.
  • It was found that more lncRNAs participate in this epigenetic regulation in modern, domesticated horses and donkeys compared with the Przewalski horses. This indicates that the domestication process affected a greater epigenetic regulatory change in these species.
  • The lncRNAs’ target genes in modern domesticated horses were mainly involved in two key functional areas: the nervous system (including behavior and cognition) and physical attributes (like muscle development, body size, cardiac function, and metabolism).

Conclusion

The researchers concluded that horse domestication is connected to considerable change in epigenetic regulation, mediated by lncRNAs. Genes associated with neural crest development and domestication syndrome specifically, showed significant lncRNA-mediated epigenetic regulatory changes during the process of horse domestication.

Cite This Article

APA
Xu B, Yang G, Jiao B, Zhu H. (2022). Analysis of ancient and modern horse genomes reveals the critical impact of lncRNA-mediated epigenetic regulation on horse domestication. Front Genet, 13, 944933. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.944933

Publication

Frontiers in genetics
ISSN: 1664-8021
NlmUniqueID: 101560621
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Pages: 944933
PII: 944933

Researcher Affiliations

Xu, Baoyan
  • Bioinformatics Section, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
  • Medical Engineering Department, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
Yang, Guixian
  • Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
Jiao, Baowei
  • State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, China.
Zhu, Hao
  • Bioinformatics Section, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 38 references
  1. Botigué LR, Song S, Scheu A, Gopalan S, Pendleton AL, Oetjens M, Taravella AM, Seregély T, Zeeb-Lanz A, Arbogast RM, Bobo D, Daly K, Unterländer M, Burger J, Kidd JM, Veeramah KR. Ancient European dog genomes reveal continuity since the Early Neolithic.. Nat Commun 2017 Jul 18;8:16082.
    doi: 10.1038/ncomms16082pmc: PMC5520058pubmed: 28719574google scholar: lookup
  2. Buske FA, Bauer DC, Mattick JS, Bailey TL. Triplexator: detecting nucleic acid triple helices in genomic and transcriptomic data.. Genome Res 2012 Jul;22(7):1372-81.
    doi: 10.1101/gr.130237.111pmc: PMC3396377pubmed: 22550012google scholar: lookup
  3. Conolly J, Colledge S, Dobney K, Vigne J-D, Peters J, Stopp B. Meta-analysis of zooarchaeological data from SW Asia and SE Europe provides insight into the origins and spread of animal husbandry. J. Archaeol. Sci. 38, 538–545.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2010.10.008google scholar: lookup
  4. Fitak RR, Mohandesan E, Corander J, Yadamsuren A, Chuluunbat B, Abdelhadi O, Raziq A, Nagy P, Walzer C, Faye B, Burger PA. Genomic signatures of domestication in Old World camels.. Commun Biol 2020 Jun 19;3(1):316.
    doi: 10.1038/s42003-020-1039-5pmc: PMC7305198pubmed: 32561887google scholar: lookup
  5. Gaunitz C, Fages A, Hanghøj K, Albrechtsen A, Khan N, Schubert M, Seguin-Orlando A, Owens IJ, Felkel S, Bignon-Lau O, de Barros Damgaard P, Mittnik A, Mohaseb AF, Davoudi H, Alquraishi S, Alfarhan AH, Al-Rasheid KAS, Crubézy E, Benecke N, Olsen S, Brown D, Anthony D, Massy K, Pitulko V, Kasparov A, Brem G, Hofreiter M, Mukhtarova G, Baimukhanov N, Lõugas L, Onar V, Stockhammer PW, Krause J, Boldgiv B, Undrakhbold S, Erdenebaatar D, Lepetz S, Mashkour M, Ludwig A, Wallner B, Merz V, Merz I, Zaibert V, Willerslev E, Librado P, Outram AK, Orlando L. Ancient genomes revisit the ancestry of domestic and Przewalski's horses.. Science 2018 Apr 6;360(6384):111-114.
    doi: 10.1126/science.aao3297pubmed: 29472442google scholar: lookup
  6. Higuchi R, Bowman B, Freiberger M, Ryder OA, Wilson AC. DNA sequences from the quagga, an extinct member of the horse family.. Nature 1984 Nov 15-21;312(5991):282-4.
    doi: 10.1038/312282a0pubmed: 6504142google scholar: lookup
  7. Johnson M, Zaretskaya I, Raytselis Y, Merezhuk Y, McGinnis S, Madden TL. NCBI BLAST: a better web interface.. Nucleic Acids Res 2008 Jul 1;36(Web Server issue):W5-9.
    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkn201pmc: PMC2447716pubmed: 18440982google scholar: lookup
  8. Johnsson M, Henriksen R, Wright D. The neural crest cell hypothesis: no unified explanation for domestication.. Genetics 2021 Aug 26;219(1).
    doi: 10.1093/genetics/iyab097pmc: PMC8633120pubmed: 34849908google scholar: lookup
  9. Kilian B, Martin W, Salamini F. Genetic diversity, evolution and domestication of wheat and barley in the Fertile Crescent. in Evolution in action. Editor Glaubrecht M. (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; ), 137–166.
    doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-12425-9_8google scholar: lookup
  10. Kelekna P. The horse in human history. (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press; ).
  11. Larkin MA, Blackshields G, Brown NP, Chenna R, McGettigan PA, McWilliam H, Valentin F, Wallace IM, Wilm A, Lopez R, Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Higgins DG. Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0.. Bioinformatics 2007 Nov 1;23(21):2947-8.
    doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btm404pubmed: 17846036google scholar: lookup
  12. Larson G, Karlsson EK, Perri A, Webster MT, Ho SY, Peters J, Stahl PW, Piper PJ, Lingaas F, Fredholm M, Comstock KE, Modiano JF, Schelling C, Agoulnik AI, Leegwater PA, Dobney K, Vigne JD, Vilà C, Andersson L, Lindblad-Toh K. Rethinking dog domestication by integrating genetics, archeology, and biogeography.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012 Jun 5;109(23):8878-83.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.1203005109pmc: PMC3384140pubmed: 22615366google scholar: lookup
  13. Librado P, Gamba C, Gaunitz C, Der Sarkissian C, Pruvost M, Albrechtsen A, Fages A, Khan N, Schubert M, Jagannathan V, Serres-Armero A, Kuderna LFK, Povolotskaya IS, Seguin-Orlando A, Lepetz S, Neuditschko M, Thèves C, Alquraishi S, Alfarhan AH, Al-Rasheid K, Rieder S, Samashev Z, Francfort HP, Benecke N, Hofreiter M, Ludwig A, Keyser C, Marques-Bonet T, Ludes B, Crubézy E, Leeb T, Willerslev E, Orlando L. Ancient genomic changes associated with domestication of the horse.. Science 2017 Apr 28;356(6336):442-445.
    doi: 10.1126/science.aam5298pubmed: 28450643google scholar: lookup
  14. Librado P, Khan N, Fages A, Kusliy MA, Suchan T, Tonasso-Calvière L, Schiavinato S, Alioglu D, Fromentier A, Perdereau A, Aury JM, Gaunitz C, Chauvey L, Seguin-Orlando A, Der Sarkissian C, Southon J, Shapiro B, Tishkin AA, Kovalev AA, Alquraishi S, Alfarhan AH, Al-Rasheid KAS, Seregély T, Klassen L, Iversen R, Bignon-Lau O, Bodu P, Olive M, Castel JC, Boudadi-Maligne M, Alvarez N, Germonpré M, Moskal-Del Hoyo M, Wilczyński J, Pospuła S, Lasota-Kuś A, Tunia K, Nowak M, Rannamäe E, Saarma U, Boeskorov G, Lōugas L, Kyselý R, Peške L, Bălășescu A, Dumitrașcu V, Dobrescu R, Gerber D, Kiss V, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mende BG, Gallina Z, Somogyi K, Kulcsár G, Gál E, Bendrey R, Allentoft ME, Sirbu G, Dergachev V, Shephard H, Tomadini N, Grouard S, Kasparov A, Basilyan AE, Anisimov MA, Nikolskiy PA, Pavlova EY, Pitulko V, Brem G, Wallner B, Schwall C, Keller M, Kitagawa K, Bessudnov AN, Bessudnov A, Taylor W, Magail J, Gantulga JO, Bayarsaikhan J, Erdenebaatar D, Tabaldiev K, Mijiddorj E, Boldgiv B, Tsagaan T, Pruvost M, Olsen S, Makarewicz CA, Valenzuela Lamas S, Albizuri Canadell S, Nieto Espinet A, Iborra MP, Lira Garrido J, Rodríguez González E, Celestino S, Olària C, Arsuaga JL, Kotova N, Pryor A, Crabtree P, Zhumatayev R, Toleubaev A, Morgunova NL, Kuznetsova T, Lordkipanize D, Marzullo M, Prato O, Bagnasco Gianni G, Tecchiati U, Clavel B, Lepetz S, Davoudi H, Mashkour M, Berezina NY, Stockhammer PW, Krause J, Haak W, Morales-Muñiz A, Benecke N, Hofreiter M, Ludwig A, Graphodatsky AS, Peters J, Kiryushin KY, Iderkhangai TO, Bokovenko NA, Vasiliev SK, Seregin NN, Chugunov KV, Plasteeva NA, Baryshnikov GF, Petrova E, Sablin M, Ananyevskaya E, Logvin A, Shevnina I, Logvin V, Kalieva S, Loman V, Kukushkin I, Merz I, Merz V, Sakenov S, Varfolomeyev V, Usmanova E, Zaibert V, Arbuckle B, Belinskiy AB, Kalmykov A, Reinhold S, Hansen S, Yudin AI, Vybornov AA, Epimakhov A, Berezina NS, Roslyakova N, Kosintsev PA, Kuznetsov PF, Anthony D, Kroonen GJ, Kristiansen K, Wincker P, Outram A, Orlando L. The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes.. Nature 2021 Oct;598(7882):634-640.
    doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04018-9pmc: PMC8550961pubmed: 34671162google scholar: lookup
  15. Lin J, Wen Y, He S, Yang X, Zhang H, Zhu H. Pipelines for cross-species and genome-wide prediction of long noncoding RNA binding.. Nat Protoc 2019 Mar;14(3):795-818.
    doi: 10.1038/s41596-018-0115-5pubmed: 30700807google scholar: lookup
  16. Luikart G, Gielly L, Excoffier L, Vigne JD, Bouvet J, Taberlet P. Multiple maternal origins and weak phylogeographic structure in domestic goats.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001 May 8;98(10):5927-32.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.091591198pmc: PMC33315pubmed: 11344314google scholar: lookup
  17. Macfadden BJ, Ceding TE. Fossil horses, carbon isotopes and global change.. Trends Ecol Evol 1994 Dec;9(12):481-6.
    doi: 10.1016/0169-5347(94)90313-1pubmed: 21236927google scholar: lookup
  18. Millar CD, Lambert DM. Ancient DNA: Towards a million-year-old genome.. Nature 2013 Jul 4;499(7456):34-5.
    pubmed: 23803770doi: 10.1038/nature12263google scholar: lookup
  19. Naderi S, Rezaei HR, Pompanon F, Blum MG, Negrini R, Naghash HR, Balkiz O, Mashkour M, Gaggiotti OE, Ajmone-Marsan P, Kence A, Vigne JD, Taberlet P. The goat domestication process inferred from large-scale mitochondrial DNA analysis of wild and domestic individuals.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008 Nov 18;105(46):17659-64.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.0804782105pmc: PMC2584717pubmed: 19004765google scholar: lookup
  20. Orlando L. Equids.. Curr Biol 2015 Oct 19;25(20):R973-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.005pubmed: 26485367google scholar: lookup
  21. Orlando L. Ancient Genomes Reveal Unexpected Horse Domestication and Management Dynamics.. Bioessays 2020 Jan;42(1):e1900164.
    doi: 10.1002/bies.201900164pubmed: 31808562google scholar: lookup
  22. Orlando L, Ginolhac A, Zhang G, Froese D, Albrechtsen A, Stiller M, Schubert M, Cappellini E, Petersen B, Moltke I, Johnson PL, Fumagalli M, Vilstrup JT, Raghavan M, Korneliussen T, Malaspinas AS, Vogt J, Szklarczyk D, Kelstrup CD, Vinther J, Dolocan A, Stenderup J, Velazquez AM, Cahill J, Rasmussen M, Wang X, Min J, Zazula GD, Seguin-Orlando A, Mortensen C, Magnussen K, Thompson JF, Weinstock J, Gregersen K, Røed KH, Eisenmann V, Rubin CJ, Miller DC, Antczak DF, Bertelsen MF, Brunak S, Al-Rasheid KA, Ryder O, Andersson L, Mundy J, Krogh A, Gilbert MT, Kjær K, Sicheritz-Ponten T, Jensen LJ, Olsen JV, Hofreiter M, Nielsen R, Shapiro B, Wang J, Willerslev E. Recalibrating Equus evolution using the genome sequence of an early Middle Pleistocene horse.. Nature 2013 Jul 4;499(7456):74-8.
    doi: 10.1038/nature12323pubmed: 23803765google scholar: lookup
  23. Pedrosa S, Uzun M, Arranz JJ, Gutiérrez-Gil B, San Primitivo F, Bayón Y. Evidence of three maternal lineages in Near Eastern sheep supporting multiple domestication events.. Proc Biol Sci 2005 Oct 22;272(1577):2211-7.
    doi: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3204pmc: PMC1559946pubmed: 16191632google scholar: lookup
  24. Pendleton AL, Shen F, Taravella AM, Emery S, Veeramah KR, Boyko AR, Kidd JM. Comparison of village dog and wolf genomes highlights the role of the neural crest in dog domestication.. BMC Biol 2018 Jun 28;16(1):64.
    doi: 10.1186/s12915-018-0535-2pmc: PMC6022502pubmed: 29950181google scholar: lookup
  25. Raudvere U, Kolberg L, Kuzmin I, Arak T, Adler P, Peterson H, Vilo J. g:Profiler: a web server for functional enrichment analysis and conversions of gene lists (2019 update).. Nucleic Acids Res 2019 Jul 2;47(W1):W191-W198.
    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkz369pmc: PMC6602461pubmed: 31066453google scholar: lookup
  26. Sarropoulos I, Marin R, Cardoso-Moreira M, Kaessmann H. Developmental dynamics of lncRNAs across mammalian organs and species.. Nature 2019 Jul;571(7766):510-514.
    doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1341-xpmc: PMC6660317pubmed: 31243368google scholar: lookup
  27. Schubert M, Ermini L, Der Sarkissian C, Jónsson H, Ginolhac A, Schaefer R, Martin MD, Fernández R, Kircher M, McCue M, Willerslev E, Orlando L. Characterization of ancient and modern genomes by SNP detection and phylogenomic and metagenomic analysis using PALEOMIX.. Nat Protoc 2014 May;9(5):1056-82.
    doi: 10.1038/nprot.2014.063pubmed: 24722405google scholar: lookup
  28. Schubert M, Jónsson H, Chang D, Der Sarkissian C, Ermini L, Ginolhac A, Albrechtsen A, Dupanloup I, Foucal A, Petersen B, Fumagalli M, Raghavan M, Seguin-Orlando A, Korneliussen TS, Velazquez AM, Stenderup J, Hoover CA, Rubin CJ, Alfarhan AH, Alquraishi SA, Al-Rasheid KA, MacHugh DE, Kalbfleisch T, MacLeod JN, Rubin EM, Sicheritz-Ponten T, Andersson L, Hofreiter M, Marques-Bonet T, Gilbert MT, Nielsen R, Excoffier L, Willerslev E, Shapiro B, Orlando L. Prehistoric genomes reveal the genetic foundation and cost of horse domestication.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014 Dec 30;111(52):E5661-9.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.1416991111pmc: PMC4284583pubmed: 25512547google scholar: lookup
  29. Simões-Costa M, Bronner ME. Establishing neural crest identity: a gene regulatory recipe.. Development 2015 Jan 15;142(2):242-57.
    doi: 10.1242/dev.105445pmc: PMC4302844pubmed: 25564621google scholar: lookup
  30. Solounias N, Danowitz M, Stachtiaris E, Khurana A, Araim M, Sayegh M, Natale J. The evolution and anatomy of the horse manus with an emphasis on digit reduction.. R Soc Open Sci 2018 Jan;5(1):171782.
    doi: 10.1098/rsos.171782pmc: PMC5792948pubmed: 29410871google scholar: lookup
  31. Ulitsky I. Evolution to the rescue: using comparative genomics to understand long non-coding RNAs.. Nat Rev Genet 2016 Oct;17(10):601-14.
    doi: 10.1038/nrg.2016.85pubmed: 27573374google scholar: lookup
  32. Vigne JD. The origins of animal domestication and husbandry: a major change in the history of humanity and the biosphere.. C R Biol 2011 Mar;334(3):171-81.
    doi: 10.1016/j.crvi.2010.12.009pubmed: 21377611google scholar: lookup
  33. Vilà C, Leonard JA, Gotherstrom A, Marklund S, Sandberg K, Liden K, Wayne RK, Ellegren H. Widespread origins of domestic horse lineages.. Science 2001 Jan 19;291(5503):474-7.
    doi: 10.1126/science.291.5503.474pubmed: 11161199google scholar: lookup
  34. Wilkins AS, Wrangham R, Fitch WT. The neural crest/domestication syndrome hypothesis, explained: reply to Johnsson, Henriksen, and Wright.. Genetics 2021 Aug 26;219(1).
    doi: 10.1093/genetics/iyab098pmc: PMC8633094pubmed: 34849912google scholar: lookup
  35. Wilkins AS, Wrangham RW, Fitch WT. The "domestication syndrome" in mammals: a unified explanation based on neural crest cell behavior and genetics.. Genetics 2014 Jul;197(3):795-808.
    doi: 10.1534/genetics.114.165423pmc: PMC4096361pubmed: 25024034google scholar: lookup
  36. Wright D. The Genetic Architecture of Domestication in Animals.. Bioinform Biol Insights 2015;9(Suppl 4):11-20.
    doi: 10.4137/BBI.S28902pmc: PMC4603525pubmed: 26512200google scholar: lookup
  37. Zeder MA. Core questions in domestication research.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015 Mar 17;112(11):3191-8.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.1501711112pmc: PMC4371924pubmed: 25713127google scholar: lookup
  38. Zeder M A. The domestication of animals. J. Anthropol. Res. 68, 161–190.
    doi: 10.3998/jar.0521004.0068.201google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 4 times.
  1. Huang Q, Ren W, Shan D, Su Y, Li Z, Li L, Wang R, Ma S, Wang J. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Differences in Athletic Ability in Racehorses Based on Whole Transcriptome Sequencing. Biology (Basel) 2025 Oct 5;14(10).
    doi: 10.3390/biology14101364pubmed: 41154767google scholar: lookup
  2. Semik-Gurgul E, Pawlina-Tyszko K, Gurgul A, Szmatoła T, Rybińska J, Ząbek T. In search of epigenetic hallmarks of different tissues: an integrative omics study of horse liver, lung, and heart. Mamm Genome 2024 Dec;35(4):600-620.
    doi: 10.1007/s00335-024-10057-0pubmed: 39143382google scholar: lookup
  3. Flack N, Hughes L, Cassens J, Enriquez M, Gebeyehu S, Alshagawi M, Hatfield J, Kauffman A, Brown B, Klaeui C, Mabrouk IF, Walls C, Yeater T, Rivas A, Faulk C. The genome of Przewalski's horse (Equus ferus przewalskii). G3 (Bethesda) 2024 Aug 7;14(8).
    doi: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae113pubmed: 38805182google scholar: lookup
  4. Flack N, Hughes L, Cassens J, Enriquez M, Gebeyehu S, Alshagawi M, Hatfield J, Kauffman A, Brown B, Klaeui C, Mabrouk IF, Walls C, Yeater T, Rivas A, Faulk C. The genome of Przewalski's horse (Equus ferus przewalskii). bioRxiv 2024 Feb 28;.
    doi: 10.1101/2024.02.20.581252pubmed: 38464182google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,109 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.