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Home / Equine Research Bank / Int J Mol Sci / Analysis of Proteins and Peptides of Highly Purified CD9+ an...
International journal of molecular sciences2022; 23(24); 16106; doi: 10.3390/ijms232416106

Analysis of Proteins and Peptides of Highly Purified CD9+ and CD63+ Horse Milk Exosomes Isolated by Affinity Chromatography.

Abstract: Exosomes are nanovesicles with a 40-150 nm diameter and are essential for communication between cells. Literature data suggest that exosomes obtained from different sources (cell cultures, blood plasma, urea, saliva, tears, spinal fluid, milk) using a series of centrifugations and ultracentrifugations contain hundreds and thousands of different protein and nucleic acid molecules. However, most of these proteins are not an intrinsic part of exosomes; instead, they co-isolate with exosomes. Using consecutive ultracentrifugation, gel filtration, and affinity chromatography on anti-CD9- and anti-CD63-Sepharoses, we isolated highly purified vesicle preparations from 18 horse milk samples. Gel filtration of the initial preparations allowed us to remove co-isolating proteins and their complexes and to obtain highly purified vesicles morphologically corresponding to exosomes. Using affinity chromatography on anti-CD9- and anti-CD63-Sepharoses, we obtained extra-purified CD9 and CD63 exosomes, which simultaneously contain these two tetraspanins, while the CD81 tetraspanin was presented in a minor quantity. SDS-PAGE and MALDI analysis detected several major proteins with molecular masses over 10 kDa: CD9, CD63, CD81, lactadherin, actin, butyrophilin, lactoferrin, and xanthine dehydrogenase. Analysis of extracts by trifluoroacetic acid revealed dozens of peptides with molecular masses in the range of 0.8 to 8.5 kDa. Data on the uneven distribution of tetraspanins on the surface of horse milk exosomes and the presence of peptides open new questions about the biogenesis of these extracellular vesicles.
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Publication Date: 2022-12-17 PubMed ID: 36555744PubMed Central: PMC9788572DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416106Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigates the proteins and peptides found in highly purified exosomes, or nanovesicles, from horse milk, using a series of lab techniques. The researchers noted the interesting distribution of proteins on the surface of these exosomes, suggesting new possibilities for understanding their function and production.

Exosome Isolation

  • The researchers began by isolating exosomes from 18 samples of horse milk. Many cellular entities, including exosomes, contain hundreds to thousands of protein and nucleic acid molecules, but many of these are not intrinsically part of the exosomes and simply co-isolate with them.
  • The researchers used a series of processes, including consecutive ultracentrifugation, gel filtration, and affinity chromatography, to obtain highly purified vesicle (small fluid-filled sac) preparation. The techniques helped to remove co-isolating proteins and their complexes, leading to highly purified vesicles that morphologically correspond to exosomes. This means that after the purification process, the vesicles looked and behaved like exosomes.

Protein and Peptide Analysis

  • After obtaining these exosomal preparations, the team followed an analytical process to determine the peptide and protein constituents. The researchers used affinity chromatography on anti-CD9- and anti-CD63-Sepharoses, model systems often used to study protein interactions in exosomes, to obtain extra-purified CD9 and CD63 exosomes.
  • An examination showed that the CD9 and CD63 exosomes contained additional tetraspanins, including a minor quantity of CD81 tetraspanin, an integral membrane protein commonly found in exosomes.

Key Findings

  • Using a combination of SDS-PAGE and MALDI analysis, the research indicates several major proteins with molecular masses over 10 kDa, including CD9, CD63, CD81, lactadherin, actin, butyrophilin, lactoferrin, and xanthine dehydrogenase. The analysis on peptides using trifluoroacetic acid revealed a range of peptides, specific to exosomes, with molecular masses in the range of 0.8 to 8.5 kDa.
  • The uneven distribution of tetraspanins (a family of membrane proteins including CD9, CD63, and CD81) on the surface of horse milk exosomes, and the presence of peptides, stimulates new scientific questions about the origin and production of these cellular vesicles. This could lead to better understanding of their functions and roles in cell-to-cell communication.

Cite This Article

APA
Sedykh SE, Purvinsh LV, Burkova EE, Dmitrenok PS, Ryabchikova EI, Nevinsky GA. (2022). Analysis of Proteins and Peptides of Highly Purified CD9+ and CD63+ Horse Milk Exosomes Isolated by Affinity Chromatography. Int J Mol Sci, 23(24), 16106. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232416106

Publication

International journal of molecular sciences
ISSN: 1422-0067
NlmUniqueID: 101092791
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 23
Issue: 24
PII: 16106

Researcher Affiliations

Sedykh, Sergey E
  • SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Lavrentieva Ave. 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
  • Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
Purvinsh, Lada V
  • Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
  • Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya, 29, St. Petersburg 195251, Russia.
Burkova, Evgeniya E
  • SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Lavrentieva Ave. 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
Dmitrenok, Pavel S
  • Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of FEB RAS, 100 let Vladivostoku Ave. 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
Ryabchikova, Elena I
  • SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Lavrentieva Ave. 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
  • Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
Nevinsky, Georgy A
  • SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Lavrentieva Ave. 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
  • Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.

MeSH Terms

  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Exosomes / metabolism
  • Milk
  • Proteins / metabolism
  • Tetraspanins / metabolism
  • Peptides / metabolism
  • Chromatography, Affinity

Grant Funding

  • 18-74-10055 / Russian Science Foundation
  • 0245-2021-0009 (121031300041-4) / ICBFM Project

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study, in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data, in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

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Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Tupitsyna AV, Grigorieva AE, Soboleva SE, Maltseva NA, Sedykh SE, Poletaeva J, Dmitrenok PS, Ryabchikova EI, Nevinsky GA. Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles of Holothuria (Sea Cucumber Eupentacta fraudatrix).. Int J Mol Sci 2023 Aug 17;24(16).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms241612907pubmed: 37629088google scholar: lookup
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