FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / J Gen Virol / Analysis of the long control region of bovine papillomavirus...
The Journal of general virology2014; 95(Pt 12); 2748-2756; doi: 10.1099/vir.0.066589-0

Analysis of the long control region of bovine papillomavirus type 1 associated with sarcoids in equine hosts indicates multiple cross-species transmission events and phylogeographical structure.

Abstract: Papillomaviruses are a family of slowly evolving DNA viruses and their evolution is commonly linked to that of their host species. However, whilst bovine papillomavirus-1 (BPV-1) primarily causes warts in its natural host, the cow, it can also cause locally aggressive and invasive skin tumours in equids, known as sarcoids, and thus provides a rare contemporary example of cross-species transmission of a papillomavirus. Here, we describe the first phylogenetic analysis of BPV-1 in equine sarcoids to our knowledge, allowing us to explore the evolutionary history of BPV-1 and investigate its cross-species association with equids. A phylogenetic analysis of the BPV-1 transcriptional promoter region (the long control region or LCR) was conducted on 15 bovine and 116 equine samples from four continents. Incorporating previous estimates for evolutionary rates in papillomavirus implied that the genetic diversity in the LCR variants was ancient and predated domestication of both equids and cattle. The phylogeny demonstrated geographical segregation into an ancestral group (African, South American and Australian samples), and a more recently derived, largely European clade. Whilst our data are consistent with BPV-1 originating in cattle, we found evidence of multiple, probably relatively recent, cross-species transmission events into horses. We also demonstrated the high prevalence of one particular sequence variant (variant 20), and suggest this may indicate that this variant shows a fitness advantage in equids. Although strong host specificity remains the norm in papillomaviruses, our results demonstrate that exceptions to this rule exist and can become epidemiologically relevant.
© 2014 The Authors.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2014-09-03 PubMed ID: 25185436PubMed Central: PMC4233631DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.066589-0Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • N.I.H.
  • Extramural
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research examines the evolutionary history of a virus primarily found in cows but also capable of causing invasive skin tumors in horses. By studying DNA samples from bovine and equine hosts, the study revealed that the virus’ genetic diversity predates the domestication of both animals, and provides evidence of multiple recent transmissions from cows to horses.

Understanding the Research

This research paper deals with a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of bovine papillomavirus-1 (BPV-1), a DNA virus primarily associated with cows but that can cause invasive skin tumors in horses—a characteristic not commonly seen amongst papillomaviruses.

  • The study involves detailed analysis of the virus at a genetic level, focusing on the long control region (LCR) of the BPV-1, which is linked to the virus’s transcriptional activity due to its role as a promoter region.
  • The investigation included 15 bovine and 116 equine samples from four continents, delivering an extensive look into the global impact and distribution of this virus.

Key Discoveries

Various critical findings and implications arise from this research.

  • By leveraging previous data on the evolutionary rates of papillomaviruses, the research showed that the genetic diversity of the BPV-1 was ancient, indicating that the virus predated the domestication of both equids (the horse family) and cattle.
  • Analysis of the sample data demonstrated a geographical segregation mechanism in the evolution of the virus, indicating an ancestral group (found in African, South American, and Australian samples) and a more recent derivation, largely confined to a European clade.
  • While the virus data is consistent with BPV-1 originating in cattle, the evidence indicates multiple, probably quite recent, cross-species transmissions to horses. This requirement for multiple transmissions suggests that the virus may not naturally adapt to equine hosts and requires repeated introductions to establish infections.
  • One distinct sequence variant (variant 20) was found to be prevalent among the virus samples, hinting at a possible fitness advantage when the virus operates within equine hosts. This outcome could explain why BPV-1 can successfully cause invasive skin tumors—sarcoids—in horses.

Significance of the Research

This research brings to light useful knowledge about BPV-1, particularly regarding its evolution and cross-species transmission mechanisms. This information is crucial not only for understanding the virus but also for preparing countermeasures, as it identifies a rare exception to the common rule of strong host specificity in papillomaviruses that has become epidemiologically relevant.

Cite This Article

APA
Trewby H, Ayele G, Borzacchiello G, Brandt S, Campo MS, Del Fava C, Marais J, Leonardi L, Vanselow B, Biek R, Nasir L. (2014). Analysis of the long control region of bovine papillomavirus type 1 associated with sarcoids in equine hosts indicates multiple cross-species transmission events and phylogeographical structure. J Gen Virol, 95(Pt 12), 2748-2756. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.066589-0

Publication

The Journal of general virology
ISSN: 1465-2099
NlmUniqueID: 0077340
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 95
Issue: Pt 12
Pages: 2748-2756

Researcher Affiliations

Trewby, Hannah
  • Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
Ayele, Gizachew
  • Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Ethiopia.
Borzacchiello, Giuseppe
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Italy.
Brandt, Sabine
  • Research Oncology Group, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
Campo, M Saveria
  • School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
Del Fava, Claudia
  • Centro de Sanidade Animal, Instituto Biológico, Brazil.
Marais, Johan
  • University of Pretoria, South Africa.
Leonardi, Leonardo
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Vanselow, Barbara
  • NSW Department of Primary Industries, UNE, Armidale, NSW, Australia University of New England, Australia.
Biek, Roman
  • MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
  • Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
Nasir, Lubna
  • MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Base Sequence
  • Bovine papillomavirus 1 / isolation & purification
  • Cattle
  • DNA, Viral / genetics
  • Female
  • Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
  • Genetic Variation
  • Horse Diseases / pathology
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • Locus Control Region
  • Male
  • Molecular Sequence Data
  • Papillomavirus Infections / veterinary
  • Papillomavirus Infections / virology
  • Phylogeny
  • Phylogeography
  • Skin Neoplasms / veterinary
  • Skin Neoplasms / virology
  • Species Specificity
  • Tumor Virus Infections / veterinary
  • Tumor Virus Infections / virology
  • Viral Proteins / genetics

Grant Funding

  • Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council

References

This article includes 50 references
  1. Ajmone-Marsan P, Garcia JF, Lenstra JA, The Globaldiv Consortium. On the origin of cattle: how aurochs became cattle and colonized the world. Evol Anthropol 19, 148–157.
    doi: 10.1002/evan.20267google scholar: lookup
  2. Amtmann E, Müller H, Sauer G. Equine connective tissue tumors contain unintegrated bovine papilloma virus DNA.. J Virol 1980 Sep;35(3):962-4.
    pmc: PMC288890pubmed: 6252350doi: 10.1128/jvi.35.3.962-964.1980google scholar: lookup
  3. Bernard HU. Taxonomy and phylogeny of papillomaviruses: an overview and recent developments.. Infect Genet Evol 2013 Aug;18:357-61.
    doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.03.011pubmed: 23523816google scholar: lookup
  4. Bernard HU, Calleja-Macias IE, Dunn ST. Genome variation of human papillomavirus types: phylogenetic and medical implications.. Int J Cancer 2006 Mar 1;118(5):1071-6.
    doi: 10.1002/ijc.21655pubmed: 16331617google scholar: lookup
  5. Bogaert L, Van Poucke M, De Baere C, Dewulf J, Peelman L, Ducatelle R, Gasthuys F, Martens A. Bovine papillomavirus load and mRNA expression, cell proliferation and p53 expression in four clinical types of equine sarcoid.. J Gen Virol 2007 Aug;88(Pt 8):2155-2161.
    doi: 10.1099/vir.0.82876-0pubmed: 17622617google scholar: lookup
  6. BOIRON M, LEVY JP, THOMAS M, FRIEDMANN JC, BERNARD J. SOME PROPERTIES OF BOVINE PAPILLOMA VIRUS.. Nature 1964 Jan 25;201:423-4.
    pubmed: 14110027doi: 10.1038/201423a0google scholar: lookup
  7. Brandt S, Haralambus R, Shafti-Keramat S, Steinborn R, Stanek C, Kirnbauer R. A subset of equine sarcoids harbours BPV-1 DNA in a complex with L1 major capsid protein.. Virology 2008 Jun 5;375(2):433-41.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.02.014pubmed: 18395238google scholar: lookup
  8. Campo MS. Animal models of papillomavirus pathogenesis.. Virus Res 2002 Nov;89(2):249-61.
    pubmed: 12445664doi: 10.1016/s0168-1702(02)00193-4google scholar: lookup
  9. Campo MS. Papillomavirus Research: From Natural History to Vaccines and Beyond. Wymondham, UK: Caister Academic Press.
  10. Chan SY, Bernard HU, Ong CK, Chan SP, Hofmann B, Delius H. Phylogenetic analysis of 48 papillomavirus types and 28 subtypes and variants: a showcase for the molecular evolution of DNA viruses.. J Virol 1992 Oct;66(10):5714-25.
    pmc: PMC241446pubmed: 1326639doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.10.5714-5725.1992google scholar: lookup
  11. Chan SY, Ostrow RS, Faras AJ, Bernard HU. Genital papillomaviruses (PVs) and epidermodysplasia verruciformis PVs occur in the same monkey species: implications for PV evolution.. Virology 1997 Feb 17;228(2):213-7.
    doi: 10.1006/viro.1996.8400pubmed: 9123827google scholar: lookup
  12. Drummond AJ, Rambaut A. BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees.. BMC Evol Biol 2007 Nov 8;7:214.
    doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-214pmc: PMC2247476pubmed: 17996036google scholar: lookup
  13. Drummond AJ, Rambaut A, Shapiro B, Pybus OG. Bayesian coalescent inference of past population dynamics from molecular sequences.. Mol Biol Evol 2005 May;22(5):1185-92.
    doi: 10.1093/molbev/msi103pubmed: 15703244google scholar: lookup
  14. Drummond AJ, Ho SY, Phillips MJ, Rambaut A. Relaxed phylogenetics and dating with confidence.. PLoS Biol 2006 May;4(5):e88.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040088pmc: PMC1395354pubmed: 16683862google scholar: lookup
  15. Drummond A, Ashton B, Buxton S, Cheung M, Cooper A, Heled J, Kearse M, Moir R, Stones-Havas S. Geneious v5.5. .
  16. Finlay M, Yuan Z, Burden F, Trawford A, Morgan IM, Campo MS, Nasir L. The detection of Bovine Papillomavirus type 1 DNA in flies.. Virus Res 2009 Sep;144(1-2):315-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.04.015pubmed: 19409942google scholar: lookup
  17. García-Pérez R, Ibáñez C, Godínez JM, Aréchiga N, Garin I, Pérez-Suárez G, de Paz O, Juste J, Echevarría JE, Bravo IG. Novel papillomaviruses in free-ranging Iberian bats: no virus-host co-evolution, no strict host specificity, and hints for recombination.. Genome Biol Evol 2014 Jan;6(1):94-104.
    doi: 10.1093/gbe/evt211pmc: PMC3914694pubmed: 24391150google scholar: lookup
  18. Gottschling M, Stamatakis A, Nindl I, Stockfleth E, Alonso A, Bravo IG. Multiple evolutionary mechanisms drive papillomavirus diversification.. Mol Biol Evol 2007 May;24(5):1242-58.
    doi: 10.1093/molbev/msm039pubmed: 17344207google scholar: lookup
  19. Gottschling M, Göker M, Stamatakis A, Bininda-Emonds OR, Nindl I, Bravo IG. Quantifying the phylodynamic forces driving papillomavirus evolution.. Mol Biol Evol 2011 Jul;28(7):2101-13.
    doi: 10.1093/molbev/msr030pubmed: 21285031google scholar: lookup
  20. Guindon S, Gascuel O. A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood.. Syst Biol 2003 Oct;52(5):696-704.
    doi: 10.1080/10635150390235520pubmed: 14530136google scholar: lookup
  21. Halpern AL. Comparison of papillomavirus and immunodeficiency virus evolutionary patterns in the context of a papillomavirus vaccine.. J Clin Virol 2000 Oct;19(1-2):43-56.
    doi: 10.1016/S1386-6532(00)00127-Xpubmed: 11091147google scholar: lookup
  22. Hartl B, Hainisch EK, Shafti-Keramat S, Kirnbauer R, Corteggio A, Borzacchiello G, Tober R, Kainzbauer C, Pratscher B, Brandt S. Inoculation of young horses with bovine papillomavirus type 1 virions leads to early infection of PBMCs prior to pseudo-sarcoid formation.. J Gen Virol 2011 Oct;92(Pt 10):2437-2445.
    doi: 10.1099/vir.0.033670-0pmc: PMC5034893pubmed: 21715602google scholar: lookup
  23. Ho SY, Larson G. Molecular clocks: when times are a-changin'.. Trends Genet 2006 Feb;22(2):79-83.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2005.11.006pubmed: 16356585google scholar: lookup
  24. Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F, Nielsen R, Bollback JP. Bayesian inference of phylogeny and its impact on evolutionary biology.. Science 2001 Dec 14;294(5550):2310-4.
    doi: 10.1126/science.1065889pubmed: 11743192google scholar: lookup
  25. Jackson C. The incidence and pathology of tumours in domesticated animals in South Africa. Oonderspoort J Vet Sci 6, 375–385.
  26. Kidney BA, Berrocal A. Sarcoids in two captive tapirs (Tapirus bairdii): clinical, pathological and molecular study.. Vet Dermatol 2008 Dec;19(6):380-4.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2008.00698.xpubmed: 18817531google scholar: lookup
  27. Kimura M. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences.. J Mol Evol 1980 Dec;16(2):111-20.
    doi: 10.1007/BF01731581pubmed: 7463489google scholar: lookup
  28. Kimura B, Marshall FB, Chen S, Rosenbom S, Moehlman PD, Tuross N, Sabin RC, Peters J, Barich B, Yohannes H, Kebede F, Teclai R, Beja-Pereira A, Mulligan CJ. Ancient DNA from Nubian and Somali wild ass provides insights into donkey ancestry and domestication.. Proc Biol Sci 2011 Jan 7;278(1702):50-7.
    doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.0708pmc: PMC2992715pubmed: 20667880google scholar: lookup
  29. Knottenbelt D. A suggested clinical classification for the equine sarcoid. Clin Tech Equine Pract 4, 278–295.
    doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2005.10.008google scholar: lookup
  30. Marais HJ, Page PC. Treatment of equine sarcoid in seven Cape mountain zebra (Equus zebra zebra).. J Wildl Dis 2011 Oct;47(4):917-24.
    doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-47.4.917pubmed: 22102662google scholar: lookup
  31. Nasir L, Brandt S. Papillomavirus associated diseases of the horse.. Vet Microbiol 2013 Nov 29;167(1-2):159-67.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.08.003pubmed: 24016387google scholar: lookup
  32. Nasir L, Campo MS. Bovine papillomaviruses: their role in the aetiology of cutaneous tumours of bovids and equids.. Vet Dermatol 2008 Oct;19(5):243-54.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2008.00683.xpubmed: 18927950google scholar: lookup
  33. Nasir L, Gault E, Morgan IM, Chambers G, Ellsmore V, Campo MS. Identification and functional analysis of sequence variants in the long control region and the E2 open reading frame of bovine papillomavirus type 1 isolated from equine sarcoids.. Virology 2007 Aug 1;364(2):355-61.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.02.019pubmed: 17412385google scholar: lookup
  34. OLSON C Jr, COOK RH. Cutaneous sarcoma-like lesions of the horse caused by the agent of bovine papilloma.. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1951 Jun;77(2):281-4.
    doi: 10.3181/00379727-77-18750pubmed: 14854020google scholar: lookup
  35. Posada D. jModelTest: phylogenetic model averaging.. Mol Biol Evol 2008 Jul;25(7):1253-6.
    doi: 10.1093/molbev/msn083pubmed: 18397919google scholar: lookup
  36. R Core Team. r: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
  37. Ragland WL, McLaughlin CA, Spencer GR. Attempts to relate bovine papilloma virus to the cause of equine sarcoid: horses, donkeys and calves inoculated with equine sarcoid extracts. Equine Vet J 2, 168–172.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1970.tb04180.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  38. Rector A, Lemey P, Tachezy R, Mostmans S, Ghim SJ, Van Doorslaer K, Roelke M, Bush M, Montali RJ, Joslin J, Burk RD, Jenson AB, Sundberg JP, Shapiro B, Van Ranst M. Ancient papillomavirus-host co-speciation in Felidae.. Genome Biol 2007;8(4):R57.
    doi: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-4-r57pmc: PMC1896010pubmed: 17430578google scholar: lookup
  39. Reid SW, Smith KT, Jarrett WF. Detection, cloning and characterisation of papillomaviral DNA present in sarcoid tumours of Equus asinus.. Vet Rec 1994 Oct 29;135(18):430-2.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.135.18.430pubmed: 7846835google scholar: lookup
  40. Robl MG, Olson C. Oncogenic action of bovine papilloma virus in hamsters.. Cancer Res 1968 Aug;28(8):1596-604.
    pubmed: 4300248
  41. Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models.. Bioinformatics 2003 Aug 12;19(12):1572-4.
    doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180pubmed: 12912839google scholar: lookup
  42. Roperto S, Russo V, Ozkul A, Corteggio A, Sepici-Dincel A, Catoi C, Esposito I, Riccardi MG, Urraro C, Lucà R, Ceccarelli DM, Longo M, Roperto F. Productive infection of bovine papillomavirus type 2 in the urothelial cells of naturally occurring urinary bladder tumors in cattle and water buffaloes.. PLoS One 2013;8(5):e62227.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062227pmc: PMC3646877pubmed: 23667460google scholar: lookup
  43. Shadan FF, Villarreal LP. Coevolution of persistently infecting small DNA viruses and their hosts linked to host-interactive regulatory domains.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993 May 1;90(9):4117-21.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.9.4117pmc: PMC46457pubmed: 8483926google scholar: lookup
  44. Shah SD, Doorbar J, Goldstein RA. Analysis of host-parasite incongruence in papillomavirus evolution using importance sampling.. Mol Biol Evol 2010 Jun;27(6):1301-14.
    doi: 10.1093/molbev/msq015pmc: PMC2872622pubmed: 20093429google scholar: lookup
  45. Silvestre O, Borzacchiello G, Nava D, Iovane G, Russo V, Vecchio D, D'Ausilio F, Gault EA, Campo MS, Paciello O. Bovine papillomavirus type 1 DNA and E5 oncoprotein expression in water buffalo fibropapillomas.. Vet Pathol 2009 Jul;46(4):636-41.
    doi: 10.1354/vp.08-VP-0222-P-FLpubmed: 19276046google scholar: lookup
  46. Tomita Y, Literak I, Ogawa T, Jin Z, Shirasawa H. Complete genomes and phylogenetic positions of bovine papillomavirus type 8 and a variant type from a European bison.. Virus Genes 2007 Oct;35(2):243-9.
    doi: 10.1007/s11262-006-0055-ypubmed: 17265141google scholar: lookup
  47. Vilà C, Leonard JA, Gotherstrom A, Marklund S, Sandberg K, Liden K, Wayne RK, Ellegren H. Widespread origins of domestic horse lineages.. Science 2001 Jan 19;291(5503):474-7.
    doi: 10.1126/science.291.5503.474pubmed: 11161199google scholar: lookup
  48. de Villiers EM, Fauquet C, Broker TR, Bernard HU, zur Hausen H. Classification of papillomaviruses.. Virology 2004 Jun 20;324(1):17-27.
    pubmed: 15183049doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.03.033google scholar: lookup
  49. Yuan Z, Gallagher A, Gault EA, Campo MS, Nasir L. Bovine papillomavirus infection in equine sarcoids and in bovine bladder cancers.. Vet J 2007 Nov;174(3):599-604.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.10.012pubmed: 17150387google scholar: lookup
  50. Yuan ZQ, Gault EA, Gobeil P, Nixon C, Campo MS, Nasir L. Establishment and characterization of equine fibroblast cell lines transformed in vivo and in vitro by BPV-1: model systems for equine sarcoids.. Virology 2008 Apr 10;373(2):352-61.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.11.037pubmed: 18191170google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 13 times.
  1. Maggi R, De Paolis L, De Santis D, Vellone VG, De Ciucis CG, Fruscione F, Mazzocco K, Ghelardi A, Marruchella G, Razzuoli E. Bovine Papillomavirus Type 1 Infection in an Equine Congenital Papilloma.. Pathogens 2023 Aug 18;12(8).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens12081059pubmed: 37624019google scholar: lookup
  2. Gysens L, Vanmechelen B, Haspeslagh M, Maes P, Martens A. New approach for genomic characterisation of equine sarcoid-derived BPV-1/-2 using nanopore-based sequencing.. Virol J 2022 Jan 6;19(1):8.
    doi: 10.1186/s12985-021-01735-5pubmed: 34991633google scholar: lookup
  3. Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Bolton D, Bover-Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Bottari B, Cummins E, Ylivainio K, Muñoz Guajardo I, Ortiz-Pelaez A, Alvarez-Ordóñez A. Inactivation of indicator microorganisms and biological hazards by standard and/or alternative processing methods in Category 2 and 3 animal by-products and derived products to be used as organic fertilisers and/or soil improvers.. EFSA J 2021 Dec;19(12):e06932.
    doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6932pubmed: 34900004google scholar: lookup
  4. Jindra C, Hainisch EK, Rümmele A, Wolschek M, Muster T, Brandt S. Influenza virus vector iNS1 expressing bovine papillomavirus 1 (BPV1) antigens efficiently induces tumour regression in equine sarcoid patients.. PLoS One 2021;16(11):e0260155.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260155pubmed: 34797850google scholar: lookup
  5. Jindra C, Kamjunke AK, Jones S, Brandt S. Screening for bovine papillomavirus type 13 (BPV13) in a European population of sarcoid-bearing equids.. Equine Vet J 2021 Aug 30;54(4):662-9.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13501pubmed: 34459020google scholar: lookup
  6. Ata EB, Allam AM, Elbayoumy MK, Mahmoud MAE. Electron microscopy and phylogenetic analysis of Bovine papillomavirus infection in cattle from four Egyptian governorates.. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021 Feb 12;53(1):160.
    doi: 10.1007/s11250-021-02607-4pubmed: 33580367google scholar: lookup
  7. D'arc M, Moreira FRR, Dias CA, Souza AR, Seuánez HN, Soares MA, Tavares MCH, Santos AFA. The characterization of two novel neotropical primate papillomaviruses supports the ancient within-species diversity model.. Virus Evol 2020 Jan;6(1):veaa036.
    doi: 10.1093/ve/veaa036pubmed: 32665860google scholar: lookup
  8. Willemsen A, Bravo IG. Origin and evolution of papillomavirus (onco)genes and genomes.. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019 May 27;374(1773):20180303.
    doi: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0303pubmed: 30955499google scholar: lookup
  9. Brancaccio RN, Robitaille A, Dutta S, Cuenin C, Santare D, Skenders G, Leja M, Fischer N, Giuliano AR, Rollison DE, Grundhoff A, Tommasino M, Gheit T. Generation of a novel next-generation sequencing-based method for the isolation of new human papillomavirus types.. Virology 2018 Jul;520:1-10.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.04.017pubmed: 29747121google scholar: lookup
  10. Flahou B, Rossi M, Bakker J, Langermans JA, Heuvelman E, Solnick JV, Martin ME, O'Rourke J, Ngoan LD, Hoa NX, Nakamura M, Øverby A, Matsui H, Ota H, Matsumoto T, Foss DL, Kopta LA, Omotosho O, Franciosini MP, Casagrande Proietti P, Guo A, Liu H, Borilova G, Bracarense AP, Lindén SK, De Bruyckere S, Zhang G, De Witte C, Smet A, Pasmans F, Ducatelle R, Corander J, Haesebrouck F. Evidence for a primate origin of zoonotic Helicobacter suis colonizing domesticated pigs.. ISME J 2018 Jan;12(1):77-86.
    doi: 10.1038/ismej.2017.145pubmed: 28885626google scholar: lookup
  11. Wilson AD, Hicks C. Both tumour cells and infiltrating T-cells in equine sarcoids express FOXP3 associated with an immune-supressed cytokine microenvironment.. Vet Res 2016 May 9;47(1):55.
    doi: 10.1186/s13567-016-0339-8pubmed: 27160146google scholar: lookup
  12. Savini F, Gallina L, Alberti A, Müller M, Scagliarini A. Bovine papillomavirus type 7 in Italy: complete genomes and sequence variants.. Virus Genes 2016 Apr;52(2):253-60.
    doi: 10.1007/s11262-016-1298-xpubmed: 26837892google scholar: lookup
  13. Bravo IG, Félez-Sánchez M. Papillomaviruses: Viral evolution, cancer and evolutionary medicine.. Evol Med Public Health 2015 Jan 28;2015(1):32-51.
    doi: 10.1093/emph/eov003pubmed: 25634317google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.