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The Journal of general virology2014; 95(Pt 12); 2748-2756; doi: 10.1099/vir.0.066589-0

Analysis of the long control region of bovine papillomavirus type 1 associated with sarcoids in equine hosts indicates multiple cross-species transmission events and phylogeographical structure.

Abstract: Papillomaviruses are a family of slowly evolving DNA viruses and their evolution is commonly linked to that of their host species. However, whilst bovine papillomavirus-1 (BPV-1) primarily causes warts in its natural host, the cow, it can also cause locally aggressive and invasive skin tumours in equids, known as sarcoids, and thus provides a rare contemporary example of cross-species transmission of a papillomavirus. Here, we describe the first phylogenetic analysis of BPV-1 in equine sarcoids to our knowledge, allowing us to explore the evolutionary history of BPV-1 and investigate its cross-species association with equids. A phylogenetic analysis of the BPV-1 transcriptional promoter region (the long control region or LCR) was conducted on 15 bovine and 116 equine samples from four continents. Incorporating previous estimates for evolutionary rates in papillomavirus implied that the genetic diversity in the LCR variants was ancient and predated domestication of both equids and cattle. The phylogeny demonstrated geographical segregation into an ancestral group (African, South American and Australian samples), and a more recently derived, largely European clade. Whilst our data are consistent with BPV-1 originating in cattle, we found evidence of multiple, probably relatively recent, cross-species transmission events into horses. We also demonstrated the high prevalence of one particular sequence variant (variant 20), and suggest this may indicate that this variant shows a fitness advantage in equids. Although strong host specificity remains the norm in papillomaviruses, our results demonstrate that exceptions to this rule exist and can become epidemiologically relevant.
© 2014 The Authors.
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Publication Date: 2014-09-03 PubMed ID: 25185436PubMed Central: PMC4233631DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.066589-0Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research examines the evolutionary history of a virus primarily found in cows but also capable of causing invasive skin tumors in horses. By studying DNA samples from bovine and equine hosts, the study revealed that the virus’ genetic diversity predates the domestication of both animals, and provides evidence of multiple recent transmissions from cows to horses.

Understanding the Research

This research paper deals with a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of bovine papillomavirus-1 (BPV-1), a DNA virus primarily associated with cows but that can cause invasive skin tumors in horses—a characteristic not commonly seen amongst papillomaviruses.

  • The study involves detailed analysis of the virus at a genetic level, focusing on the long control region (LCR) of the BPV-1, which is linked to the virus’s transcriptional activity due to its role as a promoter region.
  • The investigation included 15 bovine and 116 equine samples from four continents, delivering an extensive look into the global impact and distribution of this virus.

Key Discoveries

Various critical findings and implications arise from this research.

  • By leveraging previous data on the evolutionary rates of papillomaviruses, the research showed that the genetic diversity of the BPV-1 was ancient, indicating that the virus predated the domestication of both equids (the horse family) and cattle.
  • Analysis of the sample data demonstrated a geographical segregation mechanism in the evolution of the virus, indicating an ancestral group (found in African, South American, and Australian samples) and a more recent derivation, largely confined to a European clade.
  • While the virus data is consistent with BPV-1 originating in cattle, the evidence indicates multiple, probably quite recent, cross-species transmissions to horses. This requirement for multiple transmissions suggests that the virus may not naturally adapt to equine hosts and requires repeated introductions to establish infections.
  • One distinct sequence variant (variant 20) was found to be prevalent among the virus samples, hinting at a possible fitness advantage when the virus operates within equine hosts. This outcome could explain why BPV-1 can successfully cause invasive skin tumors—sarcoids—in horses.

Significance of the Research

This research brings to light useful knowledge about BPV-1, particularly regarding its evolution and cross-species transmission mechanisms. This information is crucial not only for understanding the virus but also for preparing countermeasures, as it identifies a rare exception to the common rule of strong host specificity in papillomaviruses that has become epidemiologically relevant.

Cite This Article

APA
Trewby H, Ayele G, Borzacchiello G, Brandt S, Campo MS, Del Fava C, Marais J, Leonardi L, Vanselow B, Biek R, Nasir L. (2014). Analysis of the long control region of bovine papillomavirus type 1 associated with sarcoids in equine hosts indicates multiple cross-species transmission events and phylogeographical structure. J Gen Virol, 95(Pt 12), 2748-2756. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.066589-0

Publication

The Journal of general virology
ISSN: 1465-2099
NlmUniqueID: 0077340
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 95
Issue: Pt 12
Pages: 2748-2756

Researcher Affiliations

Trewby, Hannah
  • Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
Ayele, Gizachew
  • Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Ethiopia.
Borzacchiello, Giuseppe
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Italy.
Brandt, Sabine
  • Research Oncology Group, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
Campo, M Saveria
  • School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
Del Fava, Claudia
  • Centro de Sanidade Animal, Instituto Biológico, Brazil.
Marais, Johan
  • University of Pretoria, South Africa.
Leonardi, Leonardo
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Vanselow, Barbara
  • NSW Department of Primary Industries, UNE, Armidale, NSW, Australia University of New England, Australia.
Biek, Roman
  • MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
  • Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
Nasir, Lubna
  • MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Base Sequence
  • Bovine papillomavirus 1 / isolation & purification
  • Cattle
  • DNA, Viral / genetics
  • Female
  • Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
  • Genetic Variation
  • Horse Diseases / pathology
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • Locus Control Region
  • Male
  • Molecular Sequence Data
  • Papillomavirus Infections / veterinary
  • Papillomavirus Infections / virology
  • Phylogeny
  • Phylogeography
  • Skin Neoplasms / veterinary
  • Skin Neoplasms / virology
  • Species Specificity
  • Tumor Virus Infections / veterinary
  • Tumor Virus Infections / virology
  • Viral Proteins / genetics

Grant Funding

  • Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council

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Citations

This article has been cited 15 times.
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