FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Sci Adv / Ancient DNA shows domestic horses were introduced in the sou...
Science advances2020; 6(38); eabb0030; doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abb0030

Ancient DNA shows domestic horses were introduced in the southern Caucasus and Anatolia during the Bronze Age.

Abstract: Despite the important roles that horses have played in human history, particularly in the spread of languages and cultures, and correspondingly intensive research on this topic, the origin of domestic horses remains elusive. Several domestication centers have been hypothesized, but most of these have been invalidated through recent paleogenetic studies. Anatolia is a region with an extended history of horse exploitation that has been considered a candidate for the origins of domestic horses but has never been subject to detailed investigation. Our paleogenetic study of pre- and protohistoric horses in Anatolia and the Caucasus, based on a diachronic sample from the early Neolithic to the Iron Age (~8000 to ~1000 BCE) that encompasses the presumed transition from wild to domestic horses (4000 to 3000 BCE), shows the rapid and large-scale introduction of domestic horses at the end of the third millennium BCE. Thus, our results argue strongly against autochthonous independent domestication of horses in Anatolia.
Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2020-09-16 PubMed ID: 32938680PubMed Central: PMC7494339DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb0030Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • U.S. Gov't
  • Non-P.H.S.
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support
  • N.I.H.
  • Extramural

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research investigates the origins of domestic horses, concluding that they were introduced in the southern Caucasus and Anatolia during the Bronze Age, instead of being independently domesticated in these regions.

Research Objective

  • The primary aim of this research was to identify the origin of domestic horses. Horses have had significant roles in human history, particularly in the spread of languages and cultures and the need to unravel their origin is instrumental to historical anthropology.

Hypotheses and Prior Studies

  • Several suggestions have been made regarding the domestication centers of horses, however, most of these have not been substantiated by recent paleogenetic studies.
  • Anatolia – a region with an extended history of horse exploitation, has been often considered a potential origin of domestic horses, although it had not been subjected to rigorous investigation.

Examination Methodology

  • The researchers conducted a paleogenetic study of pre- and protohistoric horses in Anatolia and the Caucasus.
  • This study was based on a diachronic sample from the early Neolithic to the Iron Age (approximately 8000 to 1000 BCE). This timeframe includes the presumed transition from wild to domestic horses (4000 to 3000 BCE).

Findings

  • The study results reveal the rapid and large-scale introduction of domestic horses at the end of the third millennium BCE.
  • This finding strongly indicates that horses were likely introduced into these areas, rather than being independently domesticated there. Thus, it argues against the hypothesis of autochthonous independent domestication of horses in Anatolia.

Cite This Article

APA
Guimaraes S, Arbuckle BS, Peters J, Adcock SE, Buitenhuis H, Chazin H, Manaseryan N, Uerpmann HP, Grange T, Geigl EM. (2020). Ancient DNA shows domestic horses were introduced in the southern Caucasus and Anatolia during the Bronze Age. Sci Adv, 6(38), eabb0030. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb0030

Publication

Science advances
ISSN: 2375-2548
NlmUniqueID: 101653440
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 6
Issue: 38
PII: eabb0030

Researcher Affiliations

Guimaraes, Silvia
  • Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, University of Paris, Paris, France.
Arbuckle, Benjamin S
  • Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
Peters, Joris
  • ArchaeoBioCenter and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Palaeoanatomy, Domestication and the History of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Kaulbachstraße 37/111, 80539 Munich, Germany.
  • State Collection of Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy Munich, Bavarian Natural History Collections, Karolinenplatz 2a, 80333 Munich, Germany.
Adcock, Sarah E
  • Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, 1126 East 59th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
Buitenhuis, Hijlke
  • Groningen Institute of Archaeology, University of Groningen, 9712 ER Groningen, Netherlands.
Chazin, Hannah
  • Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA.
Manaseryan, Ninna
  • Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, 7 Paruyr Sevak Str., Yerevan 0014, Armenia.
Uerpmann, Hans-Peter
  • Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte und Archäologie des Mittelalters, Abteilung für Ältere Urgeschichte und Quartärökologie, Zentrum für Naturwissenschaftliche Archäologie, Universität Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany.
Grange, Thierry
  • Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, University of Paris, Paris, France.
Geigl, Eva-Maria
  • Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, University of Paris, Paris, France. eva-maria.geigl@ijm.fr.

References

This article includes 98 references
  1. Drews R. Early Riders: The Beginnings of Mounted Warfare in Asia and Europe. Routledge, 2004.
  2. M. A. Levine, in Late Prehistoric Exploitation of the Eurasian Steppe, M. Levine, Y. Rassamakin, A. M. Kislenko, N. S. Tatarintseva, Eds. (Cambridge McDonald Institute, 2005), pp. 5–58.
  3. Haak W, Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Rohland N, Mallick S, Llamas B, Brandt G, Nordenfelt S, Harney E, Stewardson K, Fu Q, Mittnik A, Bánffy E, Economou C, Francken M, Friederich S, Pena RG, Hallgren F, Khartanovich V, Khokhlov A, Kunst M, Kuznetsov P, Meller H, Mochalov O, Moiseyev V, Nicklisch N, Pichler SL, Risch R, Rojo Guerra MA, Roth C, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Wahl J, Meyer M, Krause J, Brown D, Anthony D, Cooper A, Alt KW, Reich D. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe.. Nature 2015 Jun 11;522(7555):207-11.
    pmc: PMC5048219pubmed: 25731166doi: 10.1038/nature14317google scholar: lookup
  4. Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren KG, Rasmussen S, Rasmussen M, Stenderup J, Damgaard PB, Schroeder H, Ahlström T, Vinner L, Malaspinas AS, Margaryan A, Higham T, Chivall D, Lynnerup N, Harvig L, Baron J, Della Casa P, Dąbrowski P, Duffy PR, Ebel AV, Epimakhov A, Frei K, Furmanek M, Gralak T, Gromov A, Gronkiewicz S, Grupe G, Hajdu T, Jarysz R, Khartanovich V, Khokhlov A, Kiss V, Kolář J, Kriiska A, Lasak I, Longhi C, McGlynn G, Merkevicius A, Merkyte I, Metspalu M, Mkrtchyan R, Moiseyev V, Paja L, Pálfi G, Pokutta D, Pospieszny Ł, Price TD, Saag L, Sablin M, Shishlina N, Smrčka V, Soenov VI, Szeverényi V, Tóth G, Trifanova SV, Varul L, Vicze M, Yepiskoposyan L, Zhitenev V, Orlando L, Sicheritz-Pontén T, Brunak S, Nielsen R, Kristiansen K, Willerslev E. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia.. Nature 2015 Jun 11;522(7555):167-72.
    pubmed: 26062507doi: 10.1038/nature14507google scholar: lookup
  5. Bökönyi S. The earliest waves of domestic horses in East Europe. J. Indo Eur. Stud. 6, 17–76 (1978).
  6. Benecke N. Der Mensch und seine Haustiere. Konrad Theiss Verlag GmbH & Co, 1994.
  7. Uerpmann H-P. Die Domestikation des Pferdes im Chalkolithikum West- und Mitteleuropas. Madrid. Mitt. 31, 109–153 (2001).
  8. Benecke N. On the beginning of horse husbandry in the southern Balkan Peninsula-the horse bones from Kırklareli -Kanligeçi̇t (Turkish Thrace). in Equids in Time and Space: Papers in Honour of Véra Eisenmann, M. Mashkour, Ed. (Oxbow Books, Oxford, 2006).
  9. H. J. Greenfield, in Horses and Humans: The Evolution of Human-Equine Relationships, S. L. Olsen, S. Grant, A. Choyke, L. Bartosiewicz, Eds. (BAR International Series 1560, 2006), pp. 221–244.
  10. Outram AK, Stear NA, Bendrey R, Olsen S, Kasparov A, Zaibert V, Thorpe N, Evershed RP. The earliest horse harnessing and milking.. Science 2009 Mar 6;323(5919):1332-5.
    pubmed: 19265018doi: 10.1126/science.1168594google scholar: lookup
  11. Ludwig A, Pruvost M, Reissmann M, Benecke N, Brockmann GA, Castaños P, Cieslak M, Lippold S, Llorente L, Malaspinas AS, Slatkin M, Hofreiter M. Coat color variation at the beginning of horse domestication.. Science 2009 Apr 24;324(5926):485.
    pmc: PMC5102060pubmed: 19390039doi: 10.1126/science.1172750google scholar: lookup
  12. Anthony D W, Brown D. Bit wear, horseback riding, and the Botai site in Kazakstan. J. Archaeol. Sci. 25, 331–347 (1998).
  13. S. J. Olsen, in Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse, M. Levine, C. Renfrew, K. Boyle, Eds. (McDonald Institute Monographs, 2003), pp. 83–102.
  14. Gaunitz C, Fages A, Hanghøj K, Albrechtsen A, Khan N, Schubert M, Seguin-Orlando A, Owens IJ, Felkel S, Bignon-Lau O, de Barros Damgaard P, Mittnik A, Mohaseb AF, Davoudi H, Alquraishi S, Alfarhan AH, Al-Rasheid KAS, Crubézy E, Benecke N, Olsen S, Brown D, Anthony D, Massy K, Pitulko V, Kasparov A, Brem G, Hofreiter M, Mukhtarova G, Baimukhanov N, Lõugas L, Onar V, Stockhammer PW, Krause J, Boldgiv B, Undrakhbold S, Erdenebaatar D, Lepetz S, Mashkour M, Ludwig A, Wallner B, Merz V, Merz I, Zaibert V, Willerslev E, Librado P, Outram AK, Orlando L. Ancient genomes revisit the ancestry of domestic and Przewalski's horses.. Science 2018 Apr 6;360(6384):111-114.
    pubmed: 29472442doi: 10.1126/science.aao3297google scholar: lookup
  15. Librado P, Gamba C, Gaunitz C, Der Sarkissian C, Pruvost M, Albrechtsen A, Fages A, Khan N, Schubert M, Jagannathan V, Serres-Armero A, Kuderna LFK, Povolotskaya IS, Seguin-Orlando A, Lepetz S, Neuditschko M, Thèves C, Alquraishi S, Alfarhan AH, Al-Rasheid K, Rieder S, Samashev Z, Francfort HP, Benecke N, Hofreiter M, Ludwig A, Keyser C, Marques-Bonet T, Ludes B, Crubézy E, Leeb T, Willerslev E, Orlando L. Ancient genomic changes associated with domestication of the horse.. Science 2017 Apr 28;356(6336):442-445.
    pubmed: 28450643doi: 10.1126/science.aam5298google scholar: lookup
  16. Fages A, Hanghøj K, Khan N, Gaunitz C, Seguin-Orlando A, Leonardi M, McCrory Constantz C, Gamba C, Al-Rasheid KAS, Albizuri S, Alfarhan AH, Allentoft M, Alquraishi S, Anthony D, Baimukhanov N, Barrett JH, Bayarsaikhan J, Benecke N, Bernáldez-Sánchez E, Berrocal-Rangel L, Biglari F, Boessenkool S, Boldgiv B, Brem G, Brown D, Burger J, Crubézy E, Daugnora L, Davoudi H, de Barros Damgaard P, de Los Ángeles de Chorro Y de Villa-Ceballos M, Deschler-Erb S, Detry C, Dill N, do Mar Oom M, Dohr A, Ellingvåg S, Erdenebaatar D, Fathi H, Felkel S, Fernández-Rodríguez C, García-Viñas E, Germonpré M, Granado JD, Hallsson JH, Hemmer H, Hofreiter M, Kasparov A, Khasanov M, Khazaeli R, Kosintsev P, Kristiansen K, Kubatbek T, Kuderna L, Kuznetsov P, Laleh H, Leonard JA, Lhuillier J, Liesau von Lettow-Vorbeck C, Logvin A, Lõugas L, Ludwig A, Luis C, Arruda AM, Marques-Bonet T, Matoso Silva R, Merz V, Mijiddorj E, Miller BK, Monchalov O, Mohaseb FA, Morales A, Nieto-Espinet A, Nistelberger H, Onar V, Pálsdóttir AH, Pitulko V, Pitskhelauri K, Pruvost M, Rajic Sikanjic P, Rapan Papeša A, Roslyakova N, Sardari A, Sauer E, Schafberg R, Scheu A, Schibler J, Schlumbaum A, Serrand N, Serres-Armero A, Shapiro B, Sheikhi Seno S, Shevnina I, Shidrang S, Southon J, Star B, Sykes N, Taheri K, Taylor W, Teegen WR, Trbojević Vukičević T, Trixl S, Tumen D, Undrakhbold S, Usmanova E, Vahdati A, Valenzuela-Lamas S, Viegas C, Wallner B, Weinstock J, Zaibert V, Clavel B, Lepetz S, Mashkour M, Helgason A, Stefánsson K, Barrey E, Willerslev E, Outram AK, Librado P, Orlando L. Tracking Five Millennia of Horse Management with Extensive Ancient Genome Time Series.. Cell 2019 May 30;177(6):1419-1435.e31.
    pmc: PMC6547883pubmed: 31056281doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.049google scholar: lookup
  17. Anthony D. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton Univ. Press, 2007.
  18. Arbuckle B S. Animals and inequality in Chalcolithic central Anatolia. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 31, 302–313 (2012).
  19. Shaler N S. Domesticated Animals. Their Relation to Man and to His Advancement in Civilization. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1895.
  20. L. Martin, N. Russell, in Horses and Humans: The Evolution of Human-Equine Relationships, S. J. Olsen, Ed. (British Archaeological Reports International Series 1560, 2006), pp. 115–126.
  21. Ünal A. Eski Anadolu’da At Hititçe Kikkuli at eğitimi metinleri ve “Tavlaya çekmek”le ilgili teknik bir ayrıntı. Çorum Kültür Sanat: Bilim, Kültür, Sanat, Tarih, ve Turiz, Dergisi II, 40–66 (2013–2014).
  22. B. S. Arbuckle, A. Öztan, in Archaeozoology of the Near East XII, C. Çakırlar, J. Chahoud, R. Berthon, S. E. Pilaar, Eds. (Barkhuis Publishing & University of Groningen, 2018), pp. 42–59.
  23. Toynbee J M C, Alföldi M R, Misselbeck D. Tierwelt der Antike - Bestiarium Romanum. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1983.
  24. Boessneck J, von den Driesch A. Pferde im 4/3. Jahrtausend v. Chr. in Ostanatolien. Säugetierkd. Mitt. 24, 81–87 (1976).
  25. Littauer M A, Crouwel J H. Wheeled Vehicles and Ridden Animals in the Ancient Near East. Brill, 1979.
  26. Owen D I. The first equestrian: An Ur III glyptic scene. Acta Sumerologica 13, 259–273 (1991).
  27. J. Oates, in Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse, M. Levine, C. Renfrew, K. Boyle, Eds. (McDonald Institute Monograph, 2003), pp. 115–125.
  28. Zarins J. The Domestication of Equidae in Third-Millennium BCE Mesopotamia. Cornell University Studies in Assyriology and Sumerology (Cornell University, 2014), vol. 24.
  29. Clutton-Brock J. Horse Power. A History of the Horse and the Donkey in Human Societies. Harvard Univ. Press, 1992.
  30. S. Bökönyi, in Die Indogermanen und Das Pferd, B. Hänsel, S. Zimmer, Eds. (Akten Internationalen Interdisziplinären Kolloquiums Freie Universität Bernfried Schlerath, 1994), pp. 115–122.
  31. Zeuner F E. A History of Domesticated Animals. Hutchinson, 1963.
  32. Uerpmann H-P. Domestication of the Horse: When, Where, and Why. L. Bodson, Ed., Colloque d’histoire des connaissances zoologiques (Le cheval et les autres équidés: Aspects de l’histoire de leur insertion dans les activités humains) (University of Liege, 1995).
  33. A. Sherratt, in Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse, M. Levine, C. Renfrew, K. Boyle, Eds. (McDonald Institute Monographs, 2003), pp. 233–252.
  34. Anthony D W. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton Univ. Press, 2007.
  35. C. Becker, in Die Indogermanen und Das Pferd, B. Hänsel, S. Zimmer, Eds. (Akten Internationalen Interdisziplinären Kolloquiums Freie Universität, Bernfried Schlerath, 1994), pp. 145–177.
  36. Uerpmann H-P. The Ancient Distribution of Ungulate Mammals in the Middle East. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients Reihe A (Naturwissenschaften) Nr. 27, Wiesbaden, Dr. Ludwig Reichert, (1987).
  37. S. Bökönyi, in Equids in the Ancient World Volume II, R. H. Meadow, H.-P. Uerpmann, Eds. (Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1991), vol. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients Reihe A (Naturwisseschaften) 19/2, pp. 123–131.
  38. N. Benecke, in Archaeozoology of the Near East III. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on the Archaeozoology of Southwestern Asia and Adjacent Areas, H. Buitenhuis, L. Bartosiewicz, A. Choyke, Eds. (ARC Publication 18, 1998), pp. 172–179.
  39. E. Vila, in Equids in Time and Space: Papers in Honour of Vera Eisenmann, M. Mashkour, Ed. (Oxbow Books, 2006), pp. 102–123.
  40. Arbuckle B S. Zooarchaeology at Acemhöyük 2013. Anadolu/Anatolia 39, 55–68 (2013).
  41. Bennett EA, Champlot S, Peters J, Arbuckle BS, Guimaraes S, Pruvost M, Bar-David S, Davis SJM, Gautier M, Kaczensky P, Kuehn R, Mashkour M, Morales-Muñiz A, Pucher E, Tournepiche JF, Uerpmann HP, Bălăşescu A, Germonpré M, Gündem CY, Hemami MR, Moullé PE, Ötzan A, Uerpmann M, Walzer C, Grange T, Geigl EM. Taming the late Quaternary phylogeography of the Eurasiatic wild ass through ancient and modern DNA.. PLoS One 2017;12(4):e0174216.
    pmc: PMC5396879pubmed: 28422966doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174216google scholar: lookup
  42. Buitenhuis H, Peters J, Pöllath N, Stiner M C, Munro N D, Saritas Ö. The Faunal Remains from Levels 3 and 2 of Aşıklı Höyük: Evidence for Emerging Management Practices. in The Early Settlement at Aşıklı Höyük; Essays in Honor of Ufuk Esin, M. Özbașaran, G. Duru, M. C. Stiner, Eds. (Phoibos Verlag Wien, 2018), pp. 282–323.
  43. S. Payne, in Equids in the Ancient World, R. H. Meadow, H. P. Uerpmann, Eds. (Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1991), vol. II, pp. 132–165.
  44. H.-P. Uerpmann, in The Salvage Excavations at Orman Fidanlıgı: A Chalcolithic Site in Inland Northwestern Anatolia, T. Efe, Ed. (TASK Vakfı Yayınları, 2001), pp. 187–210.
  45. Arbuckle B S. Zooarchaeology at Kösk Höyük. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 27, 124–136 (2008).
  46. Arbuckle B S. Chalcolithic caprines, Dark Age dairy and Byzantine beef. Anatolica 35, 179–224 (2009).
  47. Achilli A, Olivieri A, Soares P, Lancioni H, Hooshiar Kashani B, Perego UA, Nergadze SG, Carossa V, Santagostino M, Capomaccio S, Felicetti M, Al-Achkar W, Penedo MC, Verini-Supplizi A, Houshmand M, Woodward SR, Semino O, Silvestrelli M, Giulotto E, Pereira L, Bandelt HJ, Torroni A. Mitochondrial genomes from modern horses reveal the major haplogroups that underwent domestication.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012 Feb 14;109(7):2449-54.
    pmc: PMC3289334pubmed: 22308342doi: 10.1073/pnas.1111637109google scholar: lookup
  48. Vilà C, Leonard JA, Gotherstrom A, Marklund S, Sandberg K, Liden K, Wayne RK, Ellegren H. Widespread origins of domestic horse lineages.. Science 2001 Jan 19;291(5503):474-7.
    pubmed: 11161199doi: 10.1126/science.291.5503.474google scholar: lookup
  49. Jansen T, Forster P, Levine MA, Oelke H, Hurles M, Renfrew C, Weber J, Olek K. Mitochondrial DNA and the origins of the domestic horse.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002 Aug 6;99(16):10905-10.
    pmc: PMC125071pubmed: 12130666doi: 10.1073/pnas.152330099google scholar: lookup
  50. Cieslak M, Pruvost M, Benecke N, Hofreiter M, Morales A, Reissmann M, Ludwig A. Origin and history of mitochondrial DNA lineages in domestic horses.. PLoS One 2010 Dec 20;5(12):e15311.
    pmc: PMC3004868pubmed: 21187961doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015311google scholar: lookup
  51. Lira J, Linderholm A, Olaria C, Brandström Durling M, Gilbert MT, Ellegren H, Willerslev E, Lidén K, Arsuaga JL, Götherström A. Ancient DNA reveals traces of Iberian Neolithic and Bronze Age lineages in modern Iberian horses.. Mol Ecol 2010 Jan;19(1):64-78.
    pubmed: 19943892doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04430.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  52. Lippold S, Matzke NJ, Reissmann M, Hofreiter M. Whole mitochondrial genome sequencing of domestic horses reveals incorporation of extensive wild horse diversity during domestication.. BMC Evol Biol 2011 Nov 14;11:328.
    pmc: PMC3247663pubmed: 22082251doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-328google scholar: lookup
  53. Warmuth V, Eriksson A, Bower MA, Barker G, Barrett E, Hanks BK, Li S, Lomitashvili D, Ochir-Goryaeva M, Sizonov GV, Soyonov V, Manica A. Reconstructing the origin and spread of horse domestication in the Eurasian steppe.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012 May 22;109(21):8202-6.
    pmc: PMC3361400pubmed: 22566639doi: 10.1073/pnas.1111122109google scholar: lookup
  54. Lindgren G, Backström N, Swinburne J, Hellborg L, Einarsson A, Sandberg K, Cothran G, Vilà C, Binns M, Ellegren H. Limited number of patrilines in horse domestication.. Nat Genet 2004 Apr;36(4):335-6.
    pubmed: 15034578doi: 10.1038/ng1326google scholar: lookup
  55. Kavar T, Dovç P. Domestication of the horse: Genetic relationships between domestic and wild horses. Livest. Sci. 116, 1–14 (2008).
  56. Lippold S, Knapp M, Kuznetsova T, Leonard JA, Benecke N, Ludwig A, Rasmussen M, Cooper A, Weinstock J, Willerslev E, Shapiro B, Hofreiter M. Discovery of lost diversity of paternal horse lineages using ancient DNA.. Nat Commun 2011 Aug 23;2:450.
    pubmed: 21863017doi: 10.1038/ncomms1447google scholar: lookup
  57. Wutke S, Sandoval-Castellanos E, Benecke N, Döhle HJ, Friederich S, Gonzalez J, Hofreiter M, Lõugas L, Magnell O, Malaspinas AS, Morales-Muñiz A, Orlando L, Reissmann M, Trinks A, Ludwig A. Decline of genetic diversity in ancient domestic stallions in Europe.. Sci Adv 2018 Apr;4(4):eaap9691.
    pmc: PMC5906072pubmed: 29675468doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aap9691google scholar: lookup
  58. Pruvost M, Bellone R, Benecke N, Sandoval-Castellanos E, Cieslak M, Kuznetsova T, Morales-Muñiz A, O'Connor T, Reissmann M, Hofreiter M, Ludwig A. Genotypes of predomestic horses match phenotypes painted in Paleolithic works of cave art.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011 Nov 15;108(46):18626-30.
    pmc: PMC3219153pubmed: 22065780doi: 10.1073/pnas.1108982108google scholar: lookup
  59. Geigl EM, Grange T. Eurasian wild asses in time and space: morphological versus genetic diversity.. Ann Anat 2012 Jan 20;194(1):88-102.
    pubmed: 21820882doi: 10.1016/j.aanat.2011.06.002google scholar: lookup
  60. Guimaraes S, Pruvost M, Daligault J, Stoetzel E, Bennett EA, Côté NM, Nicolas V, Lalis A, Denys C, Geigl EM, Grange T. A cost-effective high-throughput metabarcoding approach powerful enough to genotype ~44 000 year-old rodent remains from Northern Africa.. Mol Ecol Resour 2017 May;17(3):405-417.
    pubmed: 27374145doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.12565google scholar: lookup
  61. Massilani D, Guimaraes S, Brugal JP, Bennett EA, Tokarska M, Arbogast RM, Baryshnikov G, Boeskorov G, Castel JC, Davydov S, Madelaine S, Putelat O, Spasskaya NN, Uerpmann HP, Grange T, Geigl EM. Past climate changes, population dynamics and the origin of Bison in Europe.. BMC Biol 2016 Oct 21;14(1):93.
    pmc: PMC5075162pubmed: 27769298doi: 10.1186/s12915-016-0317-7google scholar: lookup
  62. Champlot S, Berthelot C, Pruvost M, Bennett EA, Grange T, Geigl EM. An efficient multistrategy DNA decontamination procedure of PCR reagents for hypersensitive PCR applications.. PLoS One 2010 Sep 28;5(9).
    pmc: PMC2946917pubmed: 20927390doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013042google scholar: lookup
  63. Albrechtsen A, Nielsen FC, Nielsen R. Ascertainment biases in SNP chips affect measures of population divergence.. Mol Biol Evol 2010 Nov;27(11):2534-47.
    pmc: PMC3107607pubmed: 20558595doi: 10.1093/molbev/msq148google scholar: lookup
  64. Côté NM, Daligault J, Pruvost M, Bennett EA, Gorgé O, Guimaraes S, Capelli N, Le Bailly M, Geigl EM, Grange T. A New High-Throughput Approach to Genotype Ancient Human Gastrointestinal Parasites.. PLoS One 2016;11(1):e0146230.
    pmc: PMC4709038pubmed: 26752051doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146230google scholar: lookup
  65. Ottoni C, van Neer W, de Cupere B, Daligault J, Guimaraes S, Peters J, Spassov N, Prendergast M E, Boivin N, Morales-Muñiz A, Bălăşescu A, Becker C, Benecke N, Boroneant A, Buitenhuis H, Chahoud J, Crowther A, Llorente L, Manaseryan N, Monchot H, Onar V, Osypińska M, Putelat O, Quintana Morales E M, Studer J, Wierer U, Decorte R, Grange T, Geigl E-M. The palaeogenetics of cat dispersal in the ancient world. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 0139 (2017).
  66. Weinstock J, Willerslev E, Sher A, Tong W, Ho SY, Rubenstein D, Storer J, Burns J, Martin L, Bravi C, Prieto A, Froese D, Scott E, Xulong L, Cooper A. Evolution, systematics, and phylogeography of pleistocene horses in the new world: a molecular perspective.. PLoS Biol 2005 Aug;3(8):e241.
    pmc: PMC1159165pubmed: 15974804doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030241google scholar: lookup
  67. Lorenzen ED, Nogués-Bravo D, Orlando L, Weinstock J, Binladen J, Marske KA, Ugan A, Borregaard MK, Gilbert MT, Nielsen R, Ho SY, Goebel T, Graf KE, Byers D, Stenderup JT, Rasmussen M, Campos PF, Leonard JA, Koepfli KP, Froese D, Zazula G, Stafford TW Jr, Aaris-Sørensen K, Batra P, Haywood AM, Singarayer JS, Valdes PJ, Boeskorov G, Burns JA, Davydov SP, Haile J, Jenkins DL, Kosintsev P, Kuznetsova T, Lai X, Martin LD, McDonald HG, Mol D, Meldgaard M, Munch K, Stephan E, Sablin M, Sommer RS, Sipko T, Scott E, Suchard MA, Tikhonov A, Willerslev R, Wayne RK, Cooper A, Hofreiter M, Sher A, Shapiro B, Rahbek C, Willerslev E. Species-specific responses of Late Quaternary megafauna to climate and humans.. Nature 2011 Nov 2;479(7373):359-64.
    pmc: PMC4070744pubmed: 22048313doi: 10.1038/nature10574google scholar: lookup
  68. Orlando L, Ginolhac A, Zhang G, Froese D, Albrechtsen A, Stiller M, Schubert M, Cappellini E, Petersen B, Moltke I, Johnson PL, Fumagalli M, Vilstrup JT, Raghavan M, Korneliussen T, Malaspinas AS, Vogt J, Szklarczyk D, Kelstrup CD, Vinther J, Dolocan A, Stenderup J, Velazquez AM, Cahill J, Rasmussen M, Wang X, Min J, Zazula GD, Seguin-Orlando A, Mortensen C, Magnussen K, Thompson JF, Weinstock J, Gregersen K, Røed KH, Eisenmann V, Rubin CJ, Miller DC, Antczak DF, Bertelsen MF, Brunak S, Al-Rasheid KA, Ryder O, Andersson L, Mundy J, Krogh A, Gilbert MT, Kjær K, Sicheritz-Ponten T, Jensen LJ, Olsen JV, Hofreiter M, Nielsen R, Shapiro B, Wang J, Willerslev E. Recalibrating Equus evolution using the genome sequence of an early Middle Pleistocene horse.. Nature 2013 Jul 4;499(7456):74-8.
    pubmed: 23803765doi: 10.1038/nature12323google scholar: lookup
  69. Elsner J, Hofreiter M, Schibler J, Schlumbaum A. Ancient mtDNA diversity reveals specific population development of wild horses in Switzerland after the Last Glacial Maximum.. PLoS One 2017;12(5):e0177458.
    pmc: PMC5443500pubmed: 28542345doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177458google scholar: lookup
  70. Boessneck J, Driesch A v d. Tierknochen und Molluskenfunde aus Munbāqa. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 118, 147–160 (1986).
  71. Uerpmann H P. The Ancient Distribution of Ungulate Mammals in the Middle East. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients. Reihe A (Naturwissenschaften) Nr. 27 (Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1987).
  72. Ludwig A, Reissmann M, Benecke N, Bellone R, Sandoval-Castellanos E, Cieslak M, Fortes GG, Morales-Muñiz A, Hofreiter M, Pruvost M. Twenty-five thousand years of fluctuating selection on leopard complex spotting and congenital night blindness in horses.. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015 Jan 19;370(1660):20130386.
    pmc: PMC4275893pubmed: 25487337doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0386google scholar: lookup
  73. H. P. Uerpmann, in Troia and the Troad: Scientific Approaches, G. A. Wagner, E. Pernicka, H. P. Uerpmann, Eds. (Springer, 2013).
  74. Çakırlar C, Atici L. Patterns of animal exploitation in western Turkey: From Paleolithic molluscs to Byzantine elephants. in The Oxford Handbook of Zooarchaeology, U. Albarella, H. Russ, K. Vickers, S. Viner-Daniels, Eds., (Oxford Univ. Press, 2017).
  75. Lazaridis I, Nadel D, Rollefson G, Merrett DC, Rohland N, Mallick S, Fernandes D, Novak M, Gamarra B, Sirak K, Connell S, Stewardson K, Harney E, Fu Q, Gonzalez-Fortes G, Jones ER, Roodenberg SA, Lengyel G, Bocquentin F, Gasparian B, Monge JM, Gregg M, Eshed V, Mizrahi AS, Meiklejohn C, Gerritsen F, Bejenaru L, Blüher M, Campbell A, Cavalleri G, Comas D, Froguel P, Gilbert E, Kerr SM, Kovacs P, Krause J, McGettigan D, Merrigan M, Merriwether DA, O'Reilly S, Richards MB, Semino O, Shamoon-Pour M, Stefanescu G, Stumvoll M, Tönjes A, Torroni A, Wilson JF, Yengo L, Hovhannisyan NA, Patterson N, Pinhasi R, Reich D. Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East.. Nature 2016 Aug 25;536(7617):419-24.
    pmc: PMC5003663pubmed: 27459054doi: 10.1038/nature19310google scholar: lookup
  76. de Barros Damgaard P, Martiniano R, Kamm J, Moreno-Mayar JV, Kroonen G, Peyrot M, Barjamovic G, Rasmussen S, Zacho C, Baimukhanov N, Zaibert V, Merz V, Biddanda A, Merz I, Loman V, Evdokimov V, Usmanova E, Hemphill B, Seguin-Orlando A, Yediay FE, Ullah I, Sjögren KG, Iversen KH, Choin J, de la Fuente C, Ilardo M, Schroeder H, Moiseyev V, Gromov A, Polyakov A, Omura S, Senyurt SY, Ahmad H, McKenzie C, Margaryan A, Hameed A, Samad A, Gul N, Khokhar MH, Goriunova OI, Bazaliiskii VI, Novembre J, Weber AW, Orlando L, Allentoft ME, Nielsen R, Kristiansen K, Sikora M, Outram AK, Durbin R, Willerslev E. The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia.. Science 2018 Jun 29;360(6396).
    pmc: PMC6748862pubmed: 29743352doi: 10.1126/science.aar7711google scholar: lookup
  77. Wang CC, Reinhold S, Kalmykov A, Wissgott A, Brandt G, Jeong C, Cheronet O, Ferry M, Harney E, Keating D, Mallick S, Rohland N, Stewardson K, Kantorovich AR, Maslov VE, Petrenko VG, Erlikh VR, Atabiev BC, Magomedov RG, Kohl PL, Alt KW, Pichler SL, Gerling C, Meller H, Vardanyan B, Yeganyan L, Rezepkin AD, Mariaschk D, Berezina N, Gresky J, Fuchs K, Knipper C, Schiffels S, Balanovska E, Balanovsky O, Mathieson I, Higham T, Berezin YB, Buzhilova A, Trifonov V, Pinhasi R, Belinskij AB, Reich D, Hansen S, Krause J, Haak W. Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions.. Nat Commun 2019 Feb 4;10(1):590.
    pmc: PMC6360191pubmed: 30713341doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08220-8google scholar: lookup
  78. Szczęsny T J. Was the 4.2 ka event an anthropogenic disaster?. Open J. Ecol. 6, 613–631 (2016).
  79. Voosen P. New geological age comes under fire.. Science 2018 Aug 10;361(6402):537-538.
    pubmed: 30093579doi: 10.1126/science.361.6402.537google scholar: lookup
  80. N. Shishlina, in Counterpoint: Essays in Archaeology and Heritage Studies in Honour of Professor Kristian Kristiansen, S. Bergerbrant, S. Sabatini, Eds. (Archaeopress, 2013), pp. 53–60.
  81. Anthony D W. The Horse, the Wheel and Language. How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton Univ. Press, 2007, pp. 847.
  82. Démoule J-P. Mais où sont passés les Indo-Européens ? Le mythe d’origine de l’Occident. Editions du Seuil, 2014, pp. 823.
  83. Armitage P L, Chapman H. Roman mules. Lond. Archaeol. 3, 339–346 (1979).
  84. Peters J. Römische Tierhaltung und Tierzucht. Eine Synthese aus archäozoologischer Untersuchung und schriftlich-bildlicher Überlieferung. Passauer Universitätsschriften zur Archäologie (Rahden/Westf.: Leidorf., 1998), vol. 5.
  85. Johnstone C. A biometric study of equids in the Roman world. PhD thesis, Department of Archaeology, University of York (2004).
  86. J. Peters, N. Pöllath, A. von den Driesch, in Madaba Plains Project: The 1994 Season at Tall Al-Umayri and Subsequent Studies, L. Herr, Ed. (Andrews Univ. Press, 2002), vol. Madaba Plains Project series 5, pp. 305–347.
  87. C. Becker, in Archaeozoology of the Near East VIII, E. Vila, L. Gourichon, A. Choyke, H. Buitenhuis, Eds. (Maison de l’Orient et de la Mediterranee, 2008), pp. 561–580.
  88. F. A. Mohaseb, M. Mashkour, in Elamica: On History and Culture of Elam and Its Neighboring Regions, B. Mofidi-Nasrabadi, Ed. (Verlag Franzbecker, 2012), vol. 2, pp. 33–54.
  89. Boessneck J, von den Driesch A, Steger U. Tierknochenfunde der Ausgrabungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Baghdad in Uruk-Warka, Iraq. Baghdader Mitt. 15, 149–189 (1984).
  90. H. Otten, in Kulturgeschichte des alten Orients: Mesopotamien, Hethiterreich, Syrien-Palästina, Urartu, H. Schmökel, Ed. (Kröner, 1961), pp. 311–446.
  91. Bennett EA, Massilani D, Lizzo G, Daligault J, Geigl EM, Grange T. Library construction for ancient genomics: single strand or double strand?. Biotechniques 2014 Jun;56(6):289-90, 292-6, 298, passim.
    pubmed: 24924389doi: 10.2144/000114176google scholar: lookup
  92. Gorgé O, Bennett EA, Massilani D, Daligault J, Pruvost M, Geigl EM, Grange T. Analysis of Ancient DNA in Microbial Ecology.. Methods Mol Biol 2016;1399:289-315.
    pubmed: 26791510doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3369-3_17google scholar: lookup
  93. Pruvost M, Grange T, Geigl EM. Minimizing DNA contamination by using UNG-coupled quantitative real-time PCR on degraded DNA samples: application to ancient DNA studies.. Biotechniques 2005 Apr;38(4):569-75.
    pubmed: 15884675doi: 10.2144/05384st03google scholar: lookup
  94. Pruvost M, Schwarz R, Bessa Correia V, Champlot S, Grange T, Geigl E-M. DNA diagenesis and palaeogenetic analysis: Critical assessment and methodological progress. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 266, 211–219 (2008).
  95. Stamatakis A. RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies.. Bioinformatics 2014 May 1;30(9):1312-3.
    pmc: PMC3998144pubmed: 24451623doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033google scholar: lookup
  96. Guindon S, Dufayard JF, Lefort V, Anisimova M, Hordijk W, Gascuel O. New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0.. Syst Biol 2010 May;59(3):307-21.
    pubmed: 20525638doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syq010google scholar: lookup
  97. Drummond A J, Ashton B, Buxton S, Cheung M, Cooper A, Duran C, Field M, Heled J, Kearse M, Markowitz S, Moir R, Stones-Havas S, Sturrock S, Thierer T, Wilson A. Geneious v5.4. 2011; http://www.geneious.com/.
  98. Der Sarkissian C, Ermini L, Schubert M, Yang MA, Librado P, Fumagalli M, Jónsson H, Bar-Gal GK, Albrechtsen A, Vieira FG, Petersen B, Ginolhac A, Seguin-Orlando A, Magnussen K, Fages A, Gamba C, Lorente-Galdos B, Polani S, Steiner C, Neuditschko M, Jagannathan V, Feh C, Greenblatt CL, Ludwig A, Abramson NI, Zimmermann W, Schafberg R, Tikhonov A, Sicheritz-Ponten T, Willerslev E, Marques-Bonet T, Ryder OA, McCue M, Rieder S, Leeb T, Slatkin M, Orlando L. Evolutionary Genomics and Conservation of the Endangered Przewalski's Horse.. Curr Biol 2015 Oct 5;25(19):2577-83.
    pmc: PMC5104162pubmed: 26412128doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.032google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 8 times.
  1. Vincelette A. The Characteristics, Distribution, Function, and Origin of Alternative Lateral Horse Gaits.. Animals (Basel) 2023 Aug 8;13(16).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13162557pubmed: 37627349google scholar: lookup
  2. Bozlak E, Radovic L, Remer V, Rigler D, Allen L, Brem G, Stalder G, Castaneda C, Cothran G, Raudsepp T, Okuda Y, Moe KK, Moe HH, Kounnavongsa B, Keonouchanh S, Van NH, Vu VH, Shah MK, Nishibori M, Kazymbet P, Bakhtin M, Zhunushov A, Paul RC, Dashnyam B, Nozawa K, Almarzook S, Brockmann GA, Reissmann M, Antczak DF, Miller DC, Sadeghi R, von Butler-Wemken I, Kostaras N, Han H, Manglai D, Abdurasulov A, Sukhbaatar B, Ropka-Molik K, Stefaniuk-Szmukier M, Lopes MS, da Câmara Machado A, Kalashnikov VV, Kalinkova L, Zaitev AM, Novoa-Bravo M, Lindgren G, Brooks S, Rosa LP, Orlando L, Juras R, Kunieda T, Wallner B. Refining the evolutionary tree of the horse Y chromosome.. Sci Rep 2023 Jun 2;13(1):8954.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-35539-0pubmed: 37268661google scholar: lookup
  3. Scott A, Reinhold S, Hermes T, Kalmykov AA, Belinskiy A, Buzhilova A, Berezina N, Kantorovich AR, Maslov VE, Guliyev F, Lyonnet B, Gasimov P, Jalilov B, Eminli J, Iskandarov E, Hammer E, Nugent SE, Hagan R, Majander K, Onkamo P, Nordqvist K, Shishlina N, Kaverzneva E, Korolev AI, Khokhlov AA, Smolyaninov RV, Sharapova SV, Krause R, Karapetian M, Stolarczyk E, Krause J, Hansen S, Haak W, Warinner C. Emergence and intensification of dairying in the Caucasus and Eurasian steppes.. Nat Ecol Evol 2022 Jun;6(6):813-822.
    doi: 10.1038/s41559-022-01701-6pubmed: 35393601google scholar: lookup
  4. Bennett EA, Weber J, Bendhafer W, Champlot S, Peters J, Schwartz GM, Grange T, Geigl EM. The genetic identity of the earliest human-made hybrid animals, the kungas of Syro-Mesopotamia.. Sci Adv 2022 Jan 14;8(2):eabm0218.
    doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abm0218pubmed: 35030024google scholar: lookup
  5. Gavashelishvili A, Yanchukov A, Tarkhnishvili D, Murtskhvaladze M, Akhvlediani I, Kazancı C. Landscape genetics and the genetic legacy of Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in the modern Caucasus.. Sci Rep 2021 Sep 9;11(1):17985.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-97519-6pubmed: 34504229google scholar: lookup
  6. Klecel W, Martyniuk E. From the Eurasian Steppes to the Roman Circuses: A Review of Early Development of Horse Breeding and Management.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jun 22;11(7).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11071859pubmed: 34206575google scholar: lookup
  7. Gacem S, Valverde A, Catalán J, Yánez Ortiz I, Soler C, Miró J. A New Approach of Sperm Motility Subpopulation Structure in Donkey and Horse.. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:651477.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.651477pubmed: 34113670google scholar: lookup
  8. Taylor WTT, Barrón-Ortiz CI. Rethinking the evidence for early horse domestication at Botai.. Sci Rep 2021 Apr 2;11(1):7440.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86832-9pubmed: 33811228google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.