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Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Microbiol / Animal immunodeficiency viruses.
Veterinary microbiology1992; 33(1-4); 311-331; doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(92)90059-3

Animal immunodeficiency viruses.

Abstract: Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) has morphological, physical and biochemical characteristics similar to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the cause of AIDS in man. However, it is antigenically and genetically distinct from HIV; an antigenic relatedness with equine infectious anaemia virus has been demonstrated. FIV has been molecularly cloned and sequenced. Diagnostic tests are commercially available and attempts at preparing inactivated, subunit and molecularly engineered vaccines are being made in different laboratories. During FIV infection a transient primary illness can be recognized, with fever, neutropenia and lymphadenopathy. After a long period of clinical normalcy a secondary stage is distinguished with signs of an immunodeficiency-like syndrome. The incubation period for this stage can be as long as 5 years, during which gradual impairment of immune function develops. Many FIV-infected cats are presented for the first time showing vague signs of illness: recurrent fevers, emaciation, lack of appetite, lymphadenopathy, anaemia, leucopenia and behavioural changes. Later, the predominant clinical signs observed are chronic stomatitis/gingivitis, enteritis, upper respiratory tract infections, and infections of the skin. Neoplasias, neurological, immunological and haematological disorder are seen in a smaller proportion. The immunodeficiency-like syndrome is progressive over a period of months to years. Concomitant infection with feline leukaemia virus has been shown to accelerate the progression of disease. In vitro, phenotypic mixing between FIV and an endogenous feline oncovirus (RD114) has been demonstrated which leads to a broadening of the cell spectrum of the lentivirus. Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) has been isolated only once, and all attempts to obtain additional isolates have failed; it has been recovered from the leucocytes of cattle with persistent lymphocytosis, lymphadenopathy, lesions in the central nervous system, progressive weakness and emaciation. As with the feline representative, BIV also was found to possess a lentivirus morphology and to encode a reverse transcriptase with Mg++ preference; it replicates and induces syncytia in a variety of embryonic bovine tissues in vitro. Antigenic analyses have demonstrated a conservation of epitopes between the major core protein of BIV and HIV. The original isolate has been molecularly cloned and sequenced. Besides the three large open reading frames (ORFs) comprising the gag, pol, and env genes common to all replication-competent retroviruses, five additional small ORFs were found. Numerous point mutations and deletions were found, mostly in the env-encoding ORF. These data suggest that, within a single virus isolate, BIV displays extensive genomic variation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Publication Date: 1992-11-01 PubMed ID: 1336243PubMed Central: PMC7117276DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(92)90059-3Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research discusses Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) and Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus (BIV), similar to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Tests are in progress to develop vaccines against FIV. The study also notes the symptoms of FIV and its progression, along with the effects of BIV on cattle.

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus

  • FIV is similar to HIV in terms of properties but is distinct genetically and antigenically. It even has an antigenic relatedness with the equine infectious anaemia virus.
  • The virus has been cloned and sequenced in labs, and one stage of the FIV infection includes symptoms such as fever, neutropenia, and lymphadenopathy.
  • The symptoms are usually vague such as recurring fever, emaciation, reduced appetite, and behavioural changes. Specific signs emerge later on and appear in forms like chronic stomatitis/gingivitis, enteritis, upper respiratory tract infections, and skin infections.
  • Co-infection with the feline leukemia virus is known to speed up FIV’s progression. In vitro tests have shown phenotypic mixing between FIV and an endogenous feline oncovirus.

Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus

  • BIV, like FIV, also has lentivirus morphology and reverse transcriptase with a preference for magnesium ions. Most symptoms in cattle include persistent lymphocytosis, lymphadenopathy, central nervous system lesions, continual weakness, and emaciation.
  • A conservation of epitopes was found between the major core protein of BIV and HIV, showing some degree of similarity.
  • The virus isolate BIV displays extensive genomic variation, as indicated by the numerous point mutations and deletions found mainly in the ORF encoding the envelop protein.

Developing Vaccines

  • Efforts are ongoing to prepare inactivated, subunit, and molecularly engineered vaccines against FIV. Commercially available diagnostic tests exist for the same.

Cite This Article

APA
Egberink H, Horzinek MC. (1992). Animal immunodeficiency viruses. Vet Microbiol, 33(1-4), 311-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(92)90059-3

Publication

Veterinary microbiology
ISSN: 0378-1135
NlmUniqueID: 7705469
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 33
Issue: 1-4
Pages: 311-331

Researcher Affiliations

Egberink, H
  • Institute of Virology, School of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Utrecht, Netherlands.
Horzinek, M C

    MeSH Terms

    • Animals
    • Cat Diseases / epidemiology
    • Cat Diseases / immunology
    • Cat Diseases / microbiology
    • Cats
    • Cattle
    • Cattle Diseases / epidemiology
    • Cattle Diseases / immunology
    • Cattle Diseases / microbiology
    • HIV Infections / microbiology
    • Humans
    • Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine / chemistry
    • Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine / classification
    • Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine / physiology
    • Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline / chemistry
    • Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline / classification
    • Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline / physiology
    • Lentivirus / chemistry
    • Lentivirus / classification
    • Lentivirus / physiology
    • Lentivirus Infections / epidemiology
    • Lentivirus Infections / immunology
    • Lentivirus Infections / microbiology
    • Lentivirus Infections / veterinary

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