FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Front Genet / Animal viral diseases and global change: bluetongue and West...
Frontiers in genetics2012; 3; 105; doi: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00105

Animal viral diseases and global change: bluetongue and West Nile fever as paradigms.

Abstract: Environmental changes have an undoubted influence on the appearance, distribution, and evolution of infectious diseases, and notably on those transmitted by vectors. Global change refers to environmental changes arising from human activities affecting the fundamental mechanisms operating in the biosphere. This paper discusses the changes observed in recent times with regard to some important arboviral (arthropod-borne viral) diseases of animals, and the role global change could have played in these variations. Two of the most important arboviral diseases of animals, bluetongue (BT) and West Nile fever/encephalitis (WNF), have been selected as models. In both cases, in the last 15 years an important leap forward has been observed, which has lead to considering them emerging diseases in different parts of the world. BT, affecting domestic ruminants, has recently afflicted livestock in Europe in an unprecedented epizootic, causing enormous economic losses. WNF affects wildlife (birds), domestic animals (equines), and humans, thus, beyond the economic consequences of its occurrence, as a zoonotic disease, it poses an important public health threat. West Nile virus (WNV) has expanded in the last 12 years worldwide, and particularly in the Americas, where it first occurred in 1999, extending throughout the Americas relentlessly since then, causing a severe epidemic of disastrous consequences for public health, wildlife, and livestock. In Europe, WNV is known long time ago, but it is since the last years of the twentieth century that its incidence has risen substantially. Circumstances such as global warming, changes in land use and water management, increase in travel, trade of animals, and others, can have an important influence in the observed changes in both diseases. The following question is raised: What is the contribution of global changes to the current increase of these diseases in the world?
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2012-06-13 PubMed ID: 22707955PubMed Central: PMC3374460DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00105Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article discusses how global environmental changes, largely influenced by human activities, affect the emergence, distribution, and evolution of infectious diseases, particularly those transferred by vectors (organisms that carry disease). Specifically, the researchers focused on the effects of global change on two prominent arboviral (transmitted by arthropods) diseases – bluetongue and West Nile fever – both of which have experienced significant increases in recent years.

Bluetongue and West Nile Fever’s Recent Developments

  • The research article points out that both bluetongue, an illness that primarily affects domestic ruminants like cattle, sheep, and goats, and West Nile fever, a virus infecting wildlife, livestock, and humans, have seen considerable growth in the last 15 years. As a result, these diseases are now considered emerging in various parts of the world.
  • In Europe, bluetongue has recently caused an unforeseen epizootic or animal epidemic among livestock, resulting in significant economic losses. On the other hand, West Nile fever doesn’t only have economic repercussions through its effect on livestock but also has serious implications for public health and wildlife.
  • West Nile virus has expanded globally over the last decade, particularly in the Americas where it first appeared in 1999. Its relentless spread resulted in a severe, widespread epidemic with harmful consequences for public health, livestock, and native wildlife species. The research notes that although West Nile Virus was already known in Europe, it only significantly increased in incidence towards the end of the 20th century.

Global Change’s Possible Influence

  • The research investigates how potential factors brought about by global change, such as global warming, variations in land use and water management, and increase in travel and animal trade, might have contributed to the observed recent developments in these diseases.
  • The paper raises an essential question in the face of these growing epidemics: What role does global change play in the current increase of bluetongue and West Nile fever across the globe?

Cite This Article

APA
Jiménez-Clavero MÁ. (2012). Animal viral diseases and global change: bluetongue and West Nile fever as paradigms. Front Genet, 3, 105. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2012.00105

Publication

Frontiers in genetics
ISSN: 1664-8021
NlmUniqueID: 101560621
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 3
Pages: 105
PII: 105

Researcher Affiliations

Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel Á
  • Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Spain.

References

This article includes 149 references
  1. Abbassy MM, Osman M, Marzouk AS. West Nile virus (Flaviviridae:Flavivirus) in experimentally infected Argas ticks (Acari:Argasidae).. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1993 May;48(5):726-37.
    pubmed: 8517492doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1993.48.726google scholar: lookup
  2. Afshar A, Eaton BT, Wright PF, Pearson JE, Anderson J, Jeggo M, Trotter HC. Competitive ELISA for serodiagnosis of bluetongue: evaluation of group-specific monoclonal antibodies and expressed VP7 antigen.. J Vet Diagn Invest 1992 Jul;4(3):231-7.
    pubmed: 1325189doi: 10.1177/104063879200400301google scholar: lookup
  3. Alexander DJ. A review of avian influenza in different bird species.. Vet Microbiol 2000 May 22;74(1-2):3-13.
    pubmed: 10799774doi: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00160-7google scholar: lookup
  4. Alter MJ. Prevention of spread of hepatitis C.. Hepatology 2002 Nov;36(5 Suppl 1):S93-8.
    pubmed: 12407581doi: 10.1053/jhep.2002.36389google scholar: lookup
  5. Anonymous. Review of the Epidemiological Situation of West Nile Virus Infection in the European Union, 19 September 2011. .
  6. Austgen LE, Bowen RA, Bunning ML, Davis BS, Mitchell CJ, Chang GJ. Experimental infection of cats and dogs with West Nile virus.. Emerg Infect Dis 2004 Jan;10(1):82-6.
    pmc: PMC3322759pubmed: 15078601doi: 10.3201/eid1001.020616google scholar: lookup
  7. Bagnarelli P, Marinelli K, Trotta D, Monachetti A, Tavio M, Del Gobbo R, Capobianchi M, Menzo S, Nicoletti L, Magurano F, Varaldo P. Human case of autochthonous West Nile virus lineage 2 infection in Italy, September 2011.. Euro Surveill 2011 Oct 27;16(43).
    pubmed: 22085600
  8. Bakonyi T, Hubálek Z, Rudolf I, Nowotny N. Novel flavivirus or new lineage of West Nile virus, central Europe.. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Feb;11(2):225-31.
    pmc: PMC3320449pubmed: 15752439doi: 10.3201/eid1102.041028google scholar: lookup
  9. Bakonyi T, Ivanics E, Erdélyi K, Ursu K, Ferenczi E, Weissenböck H, Nowotny N. Lineage 1 and 2 strains of encephalitic West Nile virus, central Europe.. Emerg Infect Dis 2006 Apr;12(4):618-23.
    pmc: PMC3294705pubmed: 16704810doi: 10.3201/eid1204.051379google scholar: lookup
  10. Banet-Noach C, Simanov L, Malkinson M. Direct (non-vector) transmission of West Nile virus in geese.. Avian Pathol 2003 Oct;32(5):489-94.
    pubmed: 14522704doi: 10.1080/0307945031000154080google scholar: lookup
  11. Batten CA, Harif B, Henstock MR, Ghizlane S, Edwards L, Loutfi C, Oura CA, El Harrak M. Experimental infection of camels with bluetongue virus.. Res Vet Sci 2011 Jun;90(3):533-5.
    pubmed: 20701938doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.07.013google scholar: lookup
  12. Beaty BJ, Calisher C, Shope R. Arboviruses. in Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial and Chlamydial Infections eds Schmidt N. J., Emmons R. W. (Washington, DC: American Public Health Association) 797–855.
  13. Blackburn NK, Reyers F, Berry WL, Shepherd AJ. Susceptibility of dogs to West Nile virus: a survey and pathogenicity trial.. J Comp Pathol 1989 Jan;100(1):59-66.
    pubmed: 2537346doi: 10.1016/0021-9975(89)90090-xgoogle scholar: lookup
  14. Blitvich BJ. Transmission dynamics and changing epidemiology of West Nile virus.. Anim Health Res Rev 2008 Jun;9(1):71-86.
    pubmed: 18348742doi: 10.1017/s1466252307001430google scholar: lookup
  15. Bondre VP, Jadi RS, Mishra AC, Yergolkar PN, Arankalle VA. West Nile virus isolates from India: evidence for a distinct genetic lineage.. J Gen Virol 2007 Mar;88(Pt 3):875-884.
    pubmed: 17325360doi: 10.1099/vir.0.82403-0google scholar: lookup
  16. Bonneau KR, DeMaula CD, Mullens BA, MacLachlan NJ. Duration of viraemia infectious to Culicoides sonorensis in bluetongue virus-infected cattle and sheep.. Vet Microbiol 2002 Aug 25;88(2):115-25.
    pubmed: 12135632doi: 10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00106-2google scholar: lookup
  17. Brault AC. Changing patterns of West Nile virus transmission: altered vector competence and host susceptibility.. Vet Res 2009 Mar-Apr;40(2):43.
    pmc: PMC2695027pubmed: 19406093doi: 10.1051/vetres/2009026google scholar: lookup
  18. Brown C. Emerging zoonoses and pathogens of public health significance--an overview.. Rev Sci Tech 2004 Aug;23(2):435-42.
    pubmed: 15702711doi: 10.20506/rst.23.2.1495google scholar: lookup
  19. Caillouët KA, Michaels SR, Xiong X, Foppa I, Wesson DM. Increase in West Nile neuroinvasive disease after Hurricane Katrina.. Emerg Infect Dis 2008 May;14(5):804-7.
    pmc: PMC2600257pubmed: 18439367doi: 10.3201/eid1405.071066google scholar: lookup
  20. Calistri P, Giovannini A, Hubalek Z, Ionescu A, Monaco F, Savini G, Lelli R. Epidemiology of west nile in europe and in the mediterranean basin.. Open Virol J 2010 Apr 22;4:29-37.
    pmc: PMC2878979pubmed: 20517490doi: 10.2174/1874357901004020029google scholar: lookup
  21. Carpenter S, Wilson A, Mellor PS. Culicoides and the emergence of bluetongue virus in northern Europe.. Trends Microbiol 2009 Apr;17(4):172-8.
    pubmed: 19299131doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2009.01.001google scholar: lookup
  22. Castillo-Olivares J, Wood J. West Nile virus infection of horses.. Vet Res 2004 Jul-Aug;35(4):467-83.
    pubmed: 15236677doi: 10.1051/vetres:2004022google scholar: lookup
  23. CDC. West Nile Virus – Statistics, Surveillance, and Control. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention.
  24. Charrel RN, Brault AC, Gallian P, Lemasson JJ, Murgue B, Murri S, Pastorino B, Zeller H, de Chesse R, de Micco P, de Lamballerie X. Evolutionary relationship between Old World West Nile virus strains. Evidence for viral gene flow between Africa, the Middle East, and Europe.. Virology 2003 Oct 25;315(2):381-8.
    pubmed: 14585341doi: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00536-1google scholar: lookup
  25. Charrel RN, de Lamballerie X. Arenaviruses other than Lassa virus.. Antiviral Res 2003 Jan;57(1-2):89-100.
    pubmed: 12615305doi: 10.1016/s0166-3542(02)00202-4google scholar: lookup
  26. Christensen JH. Prediction of Regional Scenarios and Uncertainties for Defining European Climate Change Risks and Effects. PRUDENCE EVK2-CT2001-00132 Final Report.
  27. Conte A, Gilbert M, Goffredo M. Eight years of entomological surveillance in Italy show no evidence of Culicoides imicola geographical range expansion. J. Appl. Ecol. 46 1332–1339.
  28. Cui J, Han N, Streicker D, Li G, Tang X, Shi Z, Hu Z, Zhao G, Fontanet A, Guan Y, Wang L, Jones G, Field HE, Daszak P, Zhang S. Evolutionary relationships between bat coronaviruses and their hosts.. Emerg Infect Dis 2007 Oct;13(10):1526-32.
    pmc: PMC2851503pubmed: 18258002doi: 10.3201/eid1310.070448google scholar: lookup
  29. Darpel KE, Batten CA, Veronesi E, Shaw AE, Anthony S, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Kgosana L, bin-Tarif A, Carpenter S, Müller-Doblies UU, Takamatsu HH, Mellor PS, Mertens PP, Oura CA. Clinical signs and pathology shown by British sheep and cattle infected with bluetongue virus serotype 8 derived from the 2006 outbreak in northern Europe.. Vet Rec 2007 Aug 25;161(8):253-61.
    pubmed: 17720961doi: 10.1136/vr.161.8.253google scholar: lookup
  30. Dawson JR, Stone WB, Ebel GD, Young DS, Galinski DS, Pensabene JP, Franke MA, Eidson M, Kramer LD. Crow deaths caused by West Nile virus during winter.. Emerg Infect Dis 2007 Dec;13(12):1912-4.
    pmc: PMC2876752pubmed: 18258045doi: 10.3201/eid1312.070413google scholar: lookup
  31. De Filette M, Ulbert S, Diamond M, Sanders NN. Recent progress in West Nile virus diagnosis and vaccination.. Vet Res 2012 Mar 1;43(1):16.
    pmc: PMC3311072pubmed: 22380523doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-16google scholar: lookup
  32. DeMaula CD, Heidner HW, Rossitto PV, Pierce CM, MacLachlan NJ. Neutralization determinants of United States bluetongue virus serotype ten.. Virology 1993 Jul;195(1):292-6.
    pubmed: 7686312doi: 10.1006/viro.1993.1377google scholar: lookup
  33. Drosten C, Günther S, Preiser W, van der Werf S, Brodt HR, Becker S, Rabenau H, Panning M, Kolesnikova L, Fouchier RA, Berger A, Burguière AM, Cinatl J, Eickmann M, Escriou N, Grywna K, Kramme S, Manuguerra JC, Müller S, Rickerts V, Stürmer M, Vieth S, Klenk HD, Osterhaus AD, Schmitz H, Doerr HW. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome.. N Engl J Med 2003 May 15;348(20):1967-76.
    pubmed: 12690091doi: 10.1056/nejmoa030747google scholar: lookup
  34. Duarte C. Cambio global: Impacto de la actividad humana sobre el planeta tierra. Madrid: CSIC.
  35. Ducheyne E, De Deken R, Bécu S, Codina B, Nomikou K, Mangana-Vougiaki O, Georgiev G, Purse BV, Hendickx G. Quantifying the wind dispersal of Culicoides species in Greece and Bulgaria.. Geospat Health 2007 May;1(2):177-89.
    pubmed: 18686243doi: 10.4081/gh.2007.266google scholar: lookup
  36. Eaton BT, Broder CC, Middleton D, Wang LF. Hendra and Nipah viruses: different and dangerous.. Nat Rev Microbiol 2006 Jan;4(1):23-35.
    pmc: PMC7097447pubmed: 16357858doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1323google scholar: lookup
  37. EEA. Mean Surface Temperature in Europe 1850–2009, Annual and by Season. Copenhagen: European Environmental Agency.
  38. El-Harrak M, Martín-Folgar R, Llorente F, Fernández-Pacheco P, Brun A, Figuerola J, Jiménez-Clavero MA. Rift Valley and West Nile virus antibodies in camels, North Africa.. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 Dec;17(12):2372-4.
    pmc: PMC3311197pubmed: 22172452doi: 10.3201/eid1712.110587google scholar: lookup
  39. Epstein PR. West Nile virus and the climate.. J Urban Health 2001 Jun;78(2):367-71.
    pmc: PMC3456354pubmed: 11419587doi: 10.1093/jurban/78.2.367google scholar: lookup
  40. Escribano-Romero E, Jiménez-Clavero MA, Ley V. Swine vesicular disease virus. Pathology of the disease and molecular characteristics of the virion.. Anim Health Res Rev 2000 Dec;1(2):119-26.
    pubmed: 11708597doi: 10.1017/s1466252300000104google scholar: lookup
  41. EUBTNET. Bluetongue Epidemiological Situation in EU Member States and Third Countries. .
  42. Falconi C, López-Olvera JR, Gortázar C. BTV infection in wild ruminants, with emphasis on red deer: a review.. Vet Microbiol 2011 Aug 5;151(3-4):209-19.
    pubmed: 21411246doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.02.011google scholar: lookup
  43. Fayer R. Presidential address. Global change and emerging infectious diseases.. J Parasitol 2000 Dec;86(6):1174-81.
    pubmed: 11191888doi: 10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[1174:gcaeid]2.0.co;2google scholar: lookup
  44. Fernández-Pacheco P, Fernández-Pinero J, Agüero M, Jiménez-Clavero MA. Bluetongue virus serotype 1 in wild mouflons in Spain.. Vet Rec 2008 May 17;162(20):659-60.
    pubmed: 18487587doi: 10.1136/vr.162.20.659google scholar: lookup
  45. Formosinho P, Santos-Silva MM. Experimental infection of Hyalomma marginatum ticks with West Nile virus.. Acta Virol 2006;50(3):175-80.
    pubmed: 17131936
  46. Garmendia AE, Van Kruiningen HJ, French RA, Anderson JF, Andreadis TG, Kumar A, West AB. Recovery and identification of West Nile virus from a hawk in winter.. J Clin Microbiol 2000 Aug;38(8):3110-1.
    pmc: PMC87202pubmed: 10921991doi: 10.1128/jcm.38.8.3110-3111.2000google scholar: lookup
  47. Goldarazena A, Romón P, Aduriz G, Balenghien T, Baldet T, Delécolle JC. First record of Culicoides imicola, the main vector of bluetongue virus in Europe, in the Basque Country (northern Spain).. Vet Rec 2008 Jun 21;162(25):820-1.
    pubmed: 18567930doi: 10.1136/vr.162.25.820google scholar: lookup
  48. Gould EA, Higgs S. Impact of climate change and other factors on emerging arbovirus diseases.. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2009 Feb;103(2):109-21.
    pmc: PMC2915563pubmed: 18799177doi: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.07.025google scholar: lookup
  49. Guarner J, Johnson BJ, Paddock CD, Shieh WJ, Goldsmith CS, Reynolds MG, Damon IK, Regnery RL, Zaki SR. Monkeypox transmission and pathogenesis in prairie dogs.. Emerg Infect Dis 2004 Mar;10(3):426-31.
    pmc: PMC3322777pubmed: 15109408doi: 10.3201/eid1003.030878google scholar: lookup
  50. Gurley ES, Montgomery JM, Hossain MJ, Bell M, Azad AK, Islam MR, Molla MA, Carroll DS, Ksiazek TG, Rota PA, Lowe L, Comer JA, Rollin P, Czub M, Grolla A, Feldmann H, Luby SP, Woodward JL, Breiman RF. Person-to-person transmission of Nipah virus in a Bangladeshi community.. Emerg Infect Dis 2007 Jul;13(7):1031-7.
    pmc: PMC2878219pubmed: 18214175doi: 10.3201/eid1307.061128google scholar: lookup
  51. Hayes EB, Komar N, Nasci RS, Montgomery SP, O'Leary DR, Campbell GL. Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus disease.. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Aug;11(8):1167-73.
    pmc: PMC3320478pubmed: 16102302doi: 10.3201/eid1108.050289agoogle scholar: lookup
  52. Hayes EB, Sejvar JJ, Zaki SR, Lanciotti RS, Bode AV, Campbell GL. Virology, pathology, and clinical manifestations of West Nile virus disease.. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Aug;11(8):1174-9.
    pmc: PMC3320472pubmed: 16102303doi: 10.3201/eid1108.050289bgoogle scholar: lookup
  53. Hofmann MA, Renzullo S, Mader M, Chaignat V, Worwa G, Thuer B. Genetic characterization of toggenburg orbivirus, a new bluetongue virus, from goats, Switzerland.. Emerg Infect Dis 2008 Dec;14(12):1855-61.
    pmc: PMC2634640pubmed: 19046507doi: 10.3201/eid1412.080818google scholar: lookup
  54. Hubálek Z, Halouzka J. West Nile fever--a reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease in Europe.. Emerg Infect Dis 1999 Sep-Oct;5(5):643-50.
    pmc: PMC2627720pubmed: 10511520doi: 10.3201/eid0505.990505google scholar: lookup
  55. Hutcheson HJ, Gorham CH, Machain-Williams C, Loroño-Pino MA, James AM, Marlenee NL, Winn B, Beaty BJ, Blair CD. Experimental transmission of West Nile virus (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) by Carios capensis ticks from North America.. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2005 Fall;5(3):293-5.
    pubmed: 16187900doi: 10.1089/vbz.2005.5.293google scholar: lookup
  56. Imai M, Kawaoka Y. The role of receptor binding specificity in interspecies transmission of influenza viruses.. Curr Opin Virol 2012 Apr;2(2):160-7.
    pmc: PMC5605752pubmed: 22445963doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.03.003google scholar: lookup
  57. IPPC. Third Assessment Report. Cambridge: IPPC.
  58. IPPC. Fourth Assessment Report. Cambridge: IPPC.
  59. Jiménez-Clavero MA, Agüero M, San Miguel E, Mayoral T, López MC, Ruano MJ, Romero E, Monaco F, Polci A, Savini G, Gómez-Tejedor C. High throughput detection of bluetongue virus by a new real-time fluorogenic reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction: application on clinical samples from current Mediterranean outbreaks.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2006 Jan;18(1):7-17.
    pubmed: 16566253doi: 10.1177/104063870601800103google scholar: lookup
  60. Jimenez-Clavero MA, Escribano-Romero E, Ley V, Spiller OB. More recent swine vesicular disease virus isolates retain binding to coxsackie-adenovirus receptor, but have lost the ability to bind human decay-accelerating factor (CD55).. J Gen Virol 2005 May;86(Pt 5):1369-1377.
    pubmed: 15831949doi: 10.1099/vir.0.80669-0google scholar: lookup
  61. Jimenez-Clavero MA, Ley V, Gomez N, Sáiz JC. Detection of enteroviruses. in Food Borne Pathogens: Methods and Protocols ed. Adley C. (Totowa: Humana Press) 53–169.
  62. Jiménez-Clavero MA, Sotelo E, Fernandez-Pinero J, Llorente F, Blanco JM, Rodriguez-Ramos J, Perez-Ramirez E, Höfle U. West Nile virus in golden eagles, Spain, 2007.. Emerg Infect Dis 2008 Sep;14(9):1489-91.
    pmc: PMC2603101pubmed: 18760030doi: 10.3201/eid1409.080190google scholar: lookup
  63. Jourdain E, Gauthier-Clerc M, Bicout DJ, Sabatier P. Bird migration routes and risk for pathogen dispersion into western Mediterranean wetlands.. Emerg Infect Dis 2007 Mar;13(3):365-72.
    pmc: PMC2725901pubmed: 17552088doi: 10.3201/eid1303.060301google scholar: lookup
  64. Karoly DJ, Braganza K, Stott PA, Arblaster JM, Meehl GA, Broccoli AJ, Dixon KW. Detection of a human influence on North American climate.. Science 2003 Nov 14;302(5648):1200-3.
    pubmed: 14615536doi: 10.1126/science.1089159google scholar: lookup
  65. Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S, Nemeth N, Edwards E, Hettler D, Davis B, Bowen R, Bunning M. Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus.. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Mar;9(3):311-22.
    pmc: PMC2958552pubmed: 12643825doi: 10.3201/eid0903.020628google scholar: lookup
  66. Kostiukov MA, Alekseev AN, Bulychev VP, Gordeeva ZE. [Experimental evidence for infection of Culex pipiens L. mosquitoes by West Nile fever virus from Rana ridibunda Pallas and its transmission by bites].. Med Parazitol (Mosk) 1986 Nov-Dec;(6):76-8.
    pubmed: 3029556
  67. Kramer LD, Styer LM, Ebel GD. A global perspective on the epidemiology of West Nile virus.. Annu Rev Entomol 2008;53:61-81.
    pubmed: 17645411doi: 10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093258google scholar: lookup
  68. Kuiken T, Fouchier RA, Schutten M, Rimmelzwaan GF, van Amerongen G, van Riel D, Laman JD, de Jong T, van Doornum G, Lim W, Ling AE, Chan PK, Tam JS, Zambon MC, Gopal R, Drosten C, van der Werf S, Escriou N, Manuguerra JC, Stöhr K, Peiris JS, Osterhaus AD. Newly discovered coronavirus as the primary cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome.. Lancet 2003 Jul 26;362(9380):263-70.
    pmc: PMC7112434pubmed: 12892955doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13967-0google scholar: lookup
  69. Lederberg J. Infectious disease as an evolutionary paradigm.. Emerg Infect Dis 1997 Oct-Dec;3(4):417-23.
    pmc: PMC2640075pubmed: 9366592doi: 10.3201/eid0304.970402google scholar: lookup
  70. Li W, Shi Z, Yu M, Ren W, Smith C, Epstein JH, Wang H, Crameri G, Hu Z, Zhang H, Zhang J, McEachern J, Field H, Daszak P, Eaton BT, Zhang S, Wang LF. Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses.. Science 2005 Oct 28;310(5748):676-9.
    pubmed: 16195424doi: 10.1126/science.1118391google scholar: lookup
  71. López-Olvera JR, Falconi C, Férnandez-Pacheco P, Fernández-Pinero J, Sánchez MA, Palma A, Herruzo I, Vicente J, Jiménez-Clavero MA, Arias M, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, Gortázar C. Experimental infection of European red deer (Cervus elaphus) with bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 8.. Vet Microbiol 2010 Sep 28;145(1-2):148-52.
    pubmed: 20395075doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.03.012google scholar: lookup
  72. Lvov DK, Butenko AM, Gromashevsky VL, Kovtunov AI, Prilipov AG, Kinney R, Aristova VA, Dzharkenov AF, Samokhvalov EI, Savage HM, Shchelkanov MY, Galkina IV, Deryabin PG, Gubler DJ, Kulikova LN, Alkhovsky SK, Moskvina TM, Zlobina LV, Sadykova GK, Shatalov AG, Lvov DN, Usachev VE, Voronina AG. West Nile virus and other zoonotic viruses in Russia: examples of emerging-reemerging situations.. Arch Virol Suppl 2004;(18):85-96.
    pubmed: 15119764doi: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0572-6_7google scholar: lookup
  73. Maan S, Maan NS, Nomikou K, Batten C, Antony F, Belaganahalli MN, Samy AM, Reda AA, Al-Rashid SA, El Batel M, Oura CA, Mertens PP. Novel bluetongue virus serotype from Kuwait.. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 May;17(5):886-9.
    pmc: PMC3321788pubmed: 21529403doi: 10.3201/eid1705.101742google scholar: lookup
  74. Maan S, Maan NS, Ross-smith N, Batten CA, Shaw AE, Anthony SJ, Samuel AR, Darpel KE, Veronesi E, Oura CA, Singh KP, Nomikou K, Potgieter AC, Attoui H, van Rooij E, van Rijn P, De Clercq K, Vandenbussche F, Zientara S, Bréard E, Sailleau C, Beer M, Hoffman B, Mellor PS, Mertens PP. Sequence analysis of bluetongue virus serotype 8 from the Netherlands 2006 and comparison to other European strains.. Virology 2008 Aug 1;377(2):308-18.
    pubmed: 18570969doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.04.028google scholar: lookup
  75. Mackenzie JS, Gubler DJ, Petersen LR. Emerging flaviviruses: the spread and resurgence of Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and dengue viruses.. Nat Med 2004 Dec;10(12 Suppl):S98-109.
    pubmed: 15577938doi: 10.1038/nm1144google scholar: lookup
  76. MacLachlan NJ. The pathogenesis and immunology of bluetongue virus infection of ruminants.. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1994 Aug-Nov;17(3-4):197-206.
    pubmed: 8001345doi: 10.1016/0147-9571(94)90043-4google scholar: lookup
  77. MacLachlan NJ. Bluetongue: pathogenesis and duration of viraemia.. Vet Ital 2004 Oct-Dec;40(4):462-7.
    pubmed: 20422570
  78. Maclachlan NJ. Bluetongue: history, global epidemiology, and pathogenesis.. Prev Vet Med 2011 Nov 1;102(2):107-11.
    pubmed: 21570141doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.04.005google scholar: lookup
  79. Maclachlan NJ, Drew CP, Darpel KE, Worwa G. The pathology and pathogenesis of bluetongue.. J Comp Pathol 2009 Jul;141(1):1-16.
    pubmed: 19476953doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.04.003google scholar: lookup
  80. Maclachlan NJ, Guthrie AJ. Re-emergence of bluetongue, African horse sickness, and other orbivirus diseases.. Vet Res 2010 Nov-Dec;41(6):35.
    pmc: PMC2826768pubmed: 20167199doi: 10.1051/vetres/2010007google scholar: lookup
  81. MacLachlan NJ, Nunamaker RA, Katz JB, Sawyer MM, Akita GY, Osburn BI, Tabachnick WJ. Detection of bluetongue virus in the blood of inoculated calves: comparison of virus isolation, PCR assay, and in vitro feeding of Culicoides variipennis.. Arch Virol 1994;136(1-2):1-8.
    pubmed: 8002778doi: 10.1007/bf01538812google scholar: lookup
  82. Madon MB, Mulla MS, Shaw MW, Kluh S, Hazelrigg JE. Introduction of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in southern California and potential for its establishment.. J Vector Ecol 2002 Jun;27(1):149-54.
    pubmed: 12125866
  83. Makoschey B, van Gelder PT, Keijsers V, Goovaerts D. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus antigen in foetal calf serum batches and consequences of such contamination for vaccine production.. Biologicals 2003 Sep;31(3):203-8.
    pubmed: 12935809doi: 10.1016/s1045-1056(03)00058-7google scholar: lookup
  84. Malkinson M, Banet C, Weisman Y, Pokamunski S, King R, Drouet MT, Deubel V. Introduction of West Nile virus in the Middle East by migrating white storks.. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Apr;8(4):392-7.
    pmc: PMC2730252pubmed: 11971773doi: 10.3201/eid0804.010217google scholar: lookup
  85. Martin V, Chevalier V, Ceccato P, Anyamba A, De Simone L, Lubroth J, de La Rocque S, Domenech J. The impact of climate change on the epidemiology and control of Rift Valley fever.. Rev Sci Tech 2008 Aug;27(2):413-26.
    pubmed: 18819669
  86. McLean RG, Ubico SR, Bourne D, Komar N. West Nile virus in livestock and wildlife.. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2002;267:271-308.
    pubmed: 12082994doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-59403-8_14google scholar: lookup
  87. Meadows DH, Meadows DL, Randers J, Behrens WW III. The Limits to Growth. A Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind. New York: Universe Books.
  88. Mecham JO, Wilson WC. Antigen capture competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using baculovirus-expressed antigens for diagnosis of bluetongue virus and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus.. J Clin Microbiol 2004 Feb;42(2):518-23.
    pmc: PMC344499pubmed: 14766810doi: 10.1128/jcm.42.2.518-523.2004google scholar: lookup
  89. Mellor PS, Carpenter S, Harrup L, Baylis M, Mertens PP. Bluetongue in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin: history of occurrence prior to 2006.. Prev Vet Med 2008 Oct 15;87(1-2):4-20.
    pubmed: 18619694doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2008.06.002google scholar: lookup
  90. Mellor PS, Wittmann EJ. Bluetongue virus in the Mediterranean Basin 1998-2001.. Vet J 2002 Jul;164(1):20-37.
    pubmed: 12359482doi: 10.1053/tvjl.2002.0713google scholar: lookup
  91. Miller DL, Mauel MJ, Baldwin C, Burtle G, Ingram D, Hines ME 2nd, Frazier KS. West Nile virus in farmed alligators.. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Jul;9(7):794-9.
    pmc: PMC3023431pubmed: 12890319doi: 10.3201/eid0907.030085google scholar: lookup
  92. Mintiens K, Méroc E, Mellor PS, Staubach C, Gerbier G, Elbers AR, Hendrickx G, De Clercq K. Possible routes of introduction of bluetongue virus serotype 8 into the epicentre of the 2006 epidemic in north-western Europe.. Prev Vet Med 2008 Oct 15;87(1-2):131-44.
    pubmed: 18667252doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2008.06.011google scholar: lookup
  93. Mishra AC, Mourya DT. Transovarial transmission of West Nile virus in Culex vishnui mosquito.. Indian J Med Res 2001 Dec;114:212-4.
    pubmed: 12040765
  94. Morales MA, Barrandeguy M, Fabbri C, Garcia JB, Vissani A, Trono K, Gutierrez G, Pigretti S, Menchaca H, Garrido N, Taylor N, Fernandez F, Levis S, Enría D. West Nile virus isolation from equines in Argentina, 2006.. Emerg Infect Dis 2006 Oct;12(10):1559-61.
    pmc: PMC3290965pubmed: 17176571doi: 10.3201/eid1210.060852google scholar: lookup
  95. Murgue B, Murri S, Triki H, Deubel V, Zeller HG. West Nile in the Mediterranean basin: 1950-2000.. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001 Dec;951:117-26.
    pubmed: 11797769doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02690.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  96. Murray KO, Mertens E, Despres P. West Nile virus and its emergence in the United States of America.. Vet Res 2010 Nov-Dec;41(6):67.
    pmc: PMC2913730pubmed: 21188801doi: 10.1051/vetres/2010039google scholar: lookup
  97. OIE. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. Paris: Office International des Epizooties.
  98. OIE. West Nile Fever, Spain (Immediate notification: 10/09/2010). Paris: World Organisation for Animal Health.
  99. OIE. Terrestrial Animal Health Code. Paris: OIE World Organisation for Animal Health.
  100. Oreskes N. Beyond the ivory tower. The scientific consensus on climate change.. Science 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1686.
    pubmed: 15576594doi: 10.1126/science.1103618google scholar: lookup
  101. Papa A, Bakonyi T, Xanthopoulou K, Vázquez A, Tenorio A, Nowotny N. Genetic characterization of West Nile virus lineage 2, Greece, 2010.. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 May;17(5):920-2.
    pmc: PMC3321789pubmed: 21529413doi: 10.3201/eid1705.101759google scholar: lookup
  102. Parkman PD. Safety of biopharmaceuticals: a current perspective.. Dev Biol Stand 1996;88:5-7.
    pubmed: 9119163
  103. Patz JA, Olson SH, Uejio CK, Gibbs HK. Disease emergence from global climate and land use change.. Med Clin North Am 2008 Nov;92(6):1473-91, xii.
    pubmed: 19061763doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2008.07.007google scholar: lookup
  104. Paupy C, Delatte H, Bagny L, Corbel V, Fontenille D. Aedes albopictus, an arbovirus vector: from the darkness to the light.. Microbes Infect 2009 Dec;11(14-15):1177-85.
    pubmed: 19450706doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2009.05.005google scholar: lookup
  105. Paz S. The West Nile Virus outbreak in Israel (2000) from a new perspective: the regional impact of climate change.. Int J Environ Health Res 2006 Feb;16(1):1-13.
    pubmed: 16507476doi: 10.1080/09603120500392400google scholar: lookup
  106. Pellet PE, Roizman B. The family herpesviridae: a brief introduction. in Fields Virology, eds Knipe DM, Howley PM (Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins) 2479–2499.
  107. Pierce CM, Rossitto PV, MacLachlan NJ. Homotypic and heterotypic neutralization determinants of bluetongue virus serotype 17.. Virology 1995 May 10;209(1):263-7.
    pubmed: 7538255doi: 10.1006/viro.1995.1253google scholar: lookup
  108. Platonov AE, Fedorova MV, Karan LS, Shopenskaya TA, Platonova OV, Zhuravlev VI. Epidemiology of West Nile infection in Volgograd, Russia, in relation to climate change and mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) bionomics.. Parasitol Res 2008 Dec;103 Suppl 1:S45-53.
    pubmed: 19030885doi: 10.1007/s00436-008-1050-0google scholar: lookup
  109. Prati D. Transmission of hepatitis C virus by blood transfusions and other medical procedures: a global review.. J Hepatol 2006 Oct;45(4):607-16.
    pubmed: 16901579doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.07.003google scholar: lookup
  110. Purse BV, Brown HE, Harrup L, Mertens PP, Rogers DJ. Invasion of bluetongue and other orbivirus infections into Europe: the role of biological and climatic processes.. Rev Sci Tech 2008 Aug;27(2):427-42.
    pubmed: 18819670
  111. Randolph SE, Rogers DJ. The arrival, establishment and spread of exotic diseases: patterns and predictions.. Nat Rev Microbiol 2010 May;8(5):361-71.
    pubmed: 20372156doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2336google scholar: lookup
  112. Reisen WK, Fang Y, Martinez VM. Effects of temperature on the transmission of west nile virus by Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae).. J Med Entomol 2006 Mar;43(2):309-17.
    pubmed: 16619616doi: 10.1603/0022-2585(2006)043[0309:eotott]2.0.co;2google scholar: lookup
  113. Reiter P, Sprenger D. The used tire trade: a mechanism for the worldwide dispersal of container breeding mosquitoes.. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1987 Sep;3(3):494-501.
    pubmed: 2904963
  114. Rodhain F, Petter JJ, Albignac R, Coulanges P, Hannoun C. Arboviruses and lemurs in Madagascar: experimental infection of Lemur fulvus with yellow fever and West Nile viruses.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1985 Jul;34(4):816-22.
    pubmed: 2862804doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1985.34.816google scholar: lookup
  115. Root JJ, Oesterle PT, Nemeth NM, Klenk K, Gould DH, McLean RG, Clark L, Hall JS. Experimental infection of fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) with West Nile virus.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006 Oct;75(4):697-701.
    pubmed: 17038697
  116. Rosenthal J. Climate change and the geographic distribution of infectious diseases.. Ecohealth 2009 Dec;6(4):489-95.
    pmc: PMC2904908pubmed: 20499130doi: 10.1007/s10393-010-0314-1google scholar: lookup
  117. Saegerman C, Berkvens D, Mellor PS. Bluetongue epidemiology in the European Union.. Emerg Infect Dis 2008 Apr;14(4):539-44.
    pmc: PMC2570923pubmed: 18394269doi: 10.3201/eid1404.071441google scholar: lookup
  118. Scherret JH, Poidinger M, Mackenzie JS, Broom AK, Deubel V, Lipkin WI, Briese T, Gould EA, Hall RA. The relationships between West Nile and Kunjin viruses.. Emerg Infect Dis 2001 Jul-Aug;7(4):697-705.
    pmc: PMC2631745pubmed: 11585535doi: 10.3201/eid0704.010418google scholar: lookup
  119. Schulz C, Eschbaumer M, Rudolf M, König P, Keller M, Bauer C, Gauly M, Grevelding CG, Beer M, Hoffmann B. Experimental infection of South American camelids with bluetongue virus serotype 8.. Vet Microbiol 2012 Jan 27;154(3-4):257-65.
    pubmed: 21862245doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.07.025google scholar: lookup
  120. Schwartz-Cornil I, Mertens PP, Contreras V, Hemati B, Pascale F, Bréard E, Mellor PS, MacLachlan NJ, Zientara S. Bluetongue virus: virology, pathogenesis and immunity.. Vet Res 2008 Sep-Oct;39(5):46.
    pubmed: 18495078doi: 10.1051/vetres:2008023google scholar: lookup
  121. Shaman J, Day JF, Stieglitz M. Drought-induced amplification and epidemic transmission of West Nile virus in southern Florida.. J Med Entomol 2005 Mar;42(2):134-41.
    pubmed: 15799522doi: 10.1093/jmedent/42.2.134google scholar: lookup
  122. Sirbu A, Ceianu CS, Panculescu-Gatej RI, Vazquez A, Tenorio A, Rebreanu R, Niedrig M, Nicolescu G, Pistol A. Outbreak of West Nile virus infection in humans, Romania, July to October 2010.. Euro Surveill 2011 Jan 13;16(2).
    pubmed: 21251489
  123. Smithburn KC, Hughs TP, Burke AW, Paul JH. A neurotropic virus isolated from the blood of a native of Uganda. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 20 471–492.
  124. Smolinski MS, Hamburg MA, Lederberg J. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
    pubmed: 25057653
  125. Sotelo E, Fernández-Pinero J, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ. [West Nile fever/encephalitis: re-emergence in Europe and the situation in Spain].. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2012 Feb;30(2):75-83.
    pubmed: 22074879doi: 10.1016/j.eimc.2011.09.002google scholar: lookup
  126. Sotelo E, Fernández-Pinero J, Llorente F, Vázquez A, Moreno A, Agüero M, Cordioli P, Tenorio A, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ. Phylogenetic relationships of Western Mediterranean West Nile virus strains (1996-2010) using full-length genome sequences: single or multiple introductions?. J Gen Virol 2011 Nov;92(Pt 11):2512-2522.
    pubmed: 21775579doi: 10.1099/vir.0.033829-0google scholar: lookup
  127. Sotelo E, Llorente F, Rebollo B, Camuñas A, Venteo A, Gallardo C, Lubisi A, Rodríguez MJ, Sanz AJ, Figuerola J, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ. Development and evaluation of a new epitope-blocking ELISA for universal detection of antibodies to West Nile virus.. J Virol Methods 2011 Jun;174(1-2):35-41.
    pubmed: 21419800doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.03.015google scholar: lookup
  128. Suarez DL. Evolution of avian influenza viruses.. Vet Microbiol 2000 May 22;74(1-2):15-27.
    pubmed: 10799775doi: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00161-9google scholar: lookup
  129. Sutherst RW. Global change and human vulnerability to vector-borne diseases.. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004 Jan;17(1):136-73.
    pmc: PMC321469pubmed: 14726459doi: 10.1128/cmr.17.1.136-173.2004google scholar: lookup
  130. Tabachnick WJ. Challenges in predicting climate and environmental effects on vector-borne disease episystems in a changing world.. J Exp Biol 2010 Mar 15;213(6):946-54.
    pubmed: 20190119doi: 10.1242/jeb.037564google scholar: lookup
  131. HURLBUT HS, RIZK F, TAYLOR RM, WORK TH. A study of the ecology of West Nile virus in Egypt.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1956 Jul;5(4):579-620.
    pubmed: 13354882doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1956.5.579google scholar: lookup
  132. Teehee ML, Bunning ML, Stevens S, Bowen RA. Experimental infection of pigs with West Nile virus.. Arch Virol 2005 Jun;150(6):1249-56.
    pubmed: 15770358doi: 10.1007/s00705-004-0478-5google scholar: lookup
  133. Touil N, Cherkaoui Z, Lmrabih Z, Loutfi C, Harif B, El Harrak M. Emerging viral diseases in dromedary camels in the Southern Morocco.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012 Apr;59(2):177-82.
    pubmed: 22222004doi: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01282.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  134. Trevejo RT, Eidson M. Zoonosis update: West Nile virus.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008 May 1;232(9):1302-9.
    pubmed: 18447774doi: 10.2460/javma.232.9.1302google scholar: lookup
  135. Van Borm S, Thomas I, Hanquet G, Lambrecht B, Boschmans M, Dupont G, Decaestecker M, Snacken R, van den Berg T. Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in smuggled Thai eagles, Belgium.. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 May;11(5):702-5.
    pmc: PMC3320388pubmed: 15890123doi: 10.3201/eid1105.050211google scholar: lookup
  136. Vazquez A, Sanchez-Seco MP, Ruiz S, Molero F, Hernandez L, Moreno J, Magallanes A, Tejedor CG, Tenorio A. Putative new lineage of west nile virus, Spain.. Emerg Infect Dis 2010 Mar;16(3):549-52.
    pmc: PMC3322021pubmed: 20202444doi: 10.3201/eid1603.091033google scholar: lookup
  137. Venter M, Steyl J, Human S, Weyer J, Zaayman D, Blumberg L, Leman PA, Paweska J, Swanepoel R. Transmission of West Nile virus during horse autopsy.. Emerg Infect Dis 2010 Mar;16(3):573-5.
    pmc: PMC3322023pubmed: 20202454doi: 10.3201/eid1603.091042google scholar: lookup
  138. Veronesi E, Venter GJ, Labuschagne K, Mellor PS, Carpenter S. Life-history parameters of Culicoides (Avaritia) imicola Kieffer in the laboratory at different rearing temperatures.. Vet Parasitol 2009 Aug 26;163(4):370-3.
    pubmed: 19473769doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.04.031google scholar: lookup
  139. Weaver SC, Reisen WK. Present and future arboviral threats.. Antiviral Res 2010 Feb;85(2):328-45.
    pmc: PMC2815176pubmed: 19857523doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.008google scholar: lookup
  140. Weiss RA, McMichael AJ. Social and environmental risk factors in the emergence of infectious diseases.. Nat Med 2004 Dec;10(12 Suppl):S70-6.
    pmc: PMC7095886pubmed: 15577934doi: 10.1038/nm1150google scholar: lookup
  141. Wilcox BA, Gubler DJ. Disease ecology and the global emergence of zoonotic pathogens.. Environ Health Prev Med 2005 Sep;10(5):263-72.
    pmc: PMC2723410pubmed: 21432130doi: 10.1007/bf02897701google scholar: lookup
  142. Wilson A, Mellor P. Bluetongue in Europe: vectors, epidemiology and climate change.. Parasitol Res 2008 Dec;103 Suppl 1:S69-77.
    pubmed: 19030888doi: 10.1007/s00436-008-1053-xgoogle scholar: lookup
  143. Wilson AJ, Mellor PS. Bluetongue in Europe: past, present and future.. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009 Sep 27;364(1530):2669-81.
    pmc: PMC2865089pubmed: 19687037doi: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0091google scholar: lookup
  144. Wilson DE, Reeder DM. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  145. Wittmann EJ, Mello PS, Baylis M. Effect of temperature on the transmission of orbiviruses by the biting midge, Culicoides sonorensis.. Med Vet Entomol 2002 Jun;16(2):147-56.
    pubmed: 12109708doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2002.00357.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  146. Wodak E, Richter S, Bagó Z, Revilla-Fernández S, Weissenböck H, Nowotny N, Winter P. Detection and molecular analysis of West Nile virus infections in birds of prey in the eastern part of Austria in 2008 and 2009.. Vet Microbiol 2011 May 5;149(3-4):358-66.
    pubmed: 21276665doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.12.012google scholar: lookup
  147. Woolhouse ME, Gowtage-Sequeria S. Host range and emerging and reemerging pathogens.. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Dec;11(12):1842-7.
    pmc: PMC3367654pubmed: 16485468doi: 10.3201/eid1112.050997google scholar: lookup
  148. Zeller HG, Schuffenecker I. West Nile virus: an overview of its spread in Europe and the Mediterranean basin in contrast to its spread in the Americas.. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004 Mar;23(3):147-56.
    pubmed: 14986160doi: 10.1007/s10096-003-1085-1google scholar: lookup
  149. Zientara S, Lecollinet S, Breard E, Sailleau C, Boireau P. La fièvre du Nil Occidental et la fièvre catarrhale ovine, deux viroses en progression inattendue. Bull. Acad. Vet. Fr. 162 73–87.

Citations

This article has been cited 12 times.
  1. Selim A, Marzok M, Alkashif K, Kandeel M, Salem M, Sayed-Ahmed MZ. Bluetongue virus infection in cattle: serosurvey and its associated risk factors.. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023 Aug 4;55(5):285.
    doi: 10.1007/s11250-023-03701-5pubmed: 37540299google scholar: lookup
  2. Llorente F, Gutiérrez-López R, Pérez-Ramirez E, Sánchez-Seco MP, Herrero L, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ, Vázquez A. Experimental infections in red-legged partridges reveal differences in host competence between West Nile and Usutu virus strains from Southern Spain.. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023;13:1163467.
    doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1163467pubmed: 37396301google scholar: lookup
  3. Lok S, Lau TNH, Trost B, Tong AHY, Wintle RF, Engstrom MD, Stacy E, Waits LP, Scrafford M, Scherer SW. Chromosomal-level reference genome assembly of the North American wolverine (Gulo gulo luscus): a resource for conservation genomics.. G3 (Bethesda) 2022 Jul 29;12(8).
    doi: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac138pubmed: 35674384google scholar: lookup
  4. El-Sayed A, Kamel M. Climatic changes and their role in emergence and re-emergence of diseases.. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020 Jun;27(18):22336-22352.
    doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-08896-wpubmed: 32347486google scholar: lookup
  5. Maan S, Belaganahalli MN, Maan NS, Potgieter AC, Mertens PPC. Quantitative RT-PCR assays for identification and typing of the Equine encephalosis virus.. Braz J Microbiol 2019 Jan;50(1):287-296.
    doi: 10.1007/s42770-018-0034-1pubmed: 30637652google scholar: lookup
  6. Levi M, Kjellstrom T, Baldasseroni A. Impact of climate change on occupational health and productivity: a systematic literature review focusing on workplace heat.. Med Lav 2018 Apr 24;109(3):163-79.
    doi: 10.23749/mdl.v109i3.6851pubmed: 29943748google scholar: lookup
  7. Abera T, Bitew M, Gebre D, Mamo Y, Deneke Y, Nandi S. Bluetongue disease in small ruminants in south western Ethiopia: cross-sectional sero-epidemiological study.. BMC Res Notes 2018 Feb 8;11(1):112.
    doi: 10.1186/s13104-018-3222-zpubmed: 29422081google scholar: lookup
  8. Dennehy JJ. Evolutionary ecology of virus emergence.. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017 Feb;1389(1):124-146.
    doi: 10.1111/nyas.13304pubmed: 28036113google scholar: lookup
  9. Maan S, Maan NS, Belaganahalli MN, Rao PP, Singh KP, Hemadri D, Putty K, Kumar A, Batra K, Krishnajyothi Y, Chandel BS, Reddy GH, Nomikou K, Reddy YN, Attoui H, Hegde NR, Mertens PP. Full-Genome Sequencing as a Basis for Molecular Epidemiology Studies of Bluetongue Virus in India.. PLoS One 2015;10(6):e0131257.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131257pubmed: 26121128google scholar: lookup
  10. Marcantonio M, Rizzoli A, Metz M, Rosà R, Marini G, Chadwick E, Neteler M. Identifying the environmental conditions favouring West Nile Virus outbreaks in Europe.. PLoS One 2015;10(3):e0121158.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121158pubmed: 25803814google scholar: lookup
  11. Di Sabatino D, Bruno R, Sauro F, Danzetta ML, Cito F, Iannetti S, Narcisi V, De Massis F, Calistri P. Epidemiology of West Nile disease in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin from 2009 to 2013.. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:907852.
    doi: 10.1155/2014/907852pubmed: 25302311google scholar: lookup
  12. Gamino V, Höfle U. Pathology and tissue tropism of natural West Nile virus infection in birds: a review.. Vet Res 2013 Jun 3;44(1):39.
    doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-39pubmed: 23731695google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.