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Veterinary sciences2026; 13(7); 654; doi: 10.3390/vetsci13070654

Anti-Inflammatory and Metabolic Effects of Fresh Versus Freeze-Dried Platelet-Rich Plasma on Equine Osteoarthritis in an Ex Vivo Cartilage-Synovium Explant Co-Culture System: A Pilot Study.

Abstract: Equine osteoarthritis (OA) is a major cause of lameness and economic loss in horses. While platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has clinical potential, the biological effects of fresh PRP (F-PRP) and freeze-dried PRP (FD-PRP) remain insufficiently defined. This pilot study compared 25% and 50% F-PRP and FD-PRP in an interleukin-1β-induced equine cartilage-synovium explant co-culture model. PRP treatments reduced inflammatory responses, with significant downregulation of COX-2 and PGE2 expression, and 25% F-PRP showed the most consistent inhibition of nitric oxide production. PRP also significantly reduced glycosaminoglycan release and altered matrix-related gene expression; however, FD-PRP significantly upregulated , indicating a potential pro-catabolic response. Untargeted LC/MS metabolomics showed that F-PRP and FD-PRP were associated with changes in glucose, purine, amino acid, lipid, and nucleotide metabolism. Growth factor analysis further showed lower PDGF and TGF-β1 concentrations in FD-PRP than in F-PRP. Overall, F-PRP showed more consistent anti-inflammatory and matrix-protective effects, whereas FD-PRP requires further optimization and safety validation before clinical application.
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Publication Date: 2026-07-06 PubMed ID: 42514664PubMed Central: PMC13431378DOI: 10.3390/vetsci13070654Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study investigates and compares the anti-inflammatory and metabolic effects of fresh platelet-rich plasma (F-PRP) versus freeze-dried platelet-rich plasma (FD-PRP) on equine osteoarthritis using an ex vivo cartilage-synovium co-culture model.
  • The research aims to determine which form of PRP has greater potential therapeutic benefits for managing equine osteoarthritis and whether FD-PRP is a viable alternative to fresh preparations.

Background and Importance

  • Equine osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent cause of lameness in horses, resulting in significant welfare and economic concerns.
  • Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has emerged as a promising treatment option due to its high concentration of growth factors and anti-inflammatory properties.
  • Fresh PRP (F-PRP) is commonly used clinically; however, the potential for freeze-dried PRP (FD-PRP) offers advantages such as longer shelf life and easier storage.
  • The biological effectiveness and safety profile of FD-PRP compared to F-PRP remain unclear, necessitating comparative studies.

Study Design and Methods

  • An ex vivo co-culture model involving equine cartilage and synovium explants was employed to simulate osteoarthritic joint conditions.
  • Osteoarthritis was induced by treatment with interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in OA pathogenesis.
  • Treatments included 25% and 50% concentrations of both F-PRP and FD-PRP to test dose-related effects.
  • Outcomes measured included inflammatory markers (COX-2, PGE2, nitric oxide), matrix degradation markers (glycosaminoglycan release), and gene expression related to cartilage matrix and catabolism.
  • Metabolic profiling was conducted using untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to assess broader biochemical changes induced by PRP treatments.
  • Growth factor levels, notably platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1), were quantified in both PRP types.

Key Findings

  • Both F-PRP and FD-PRP reduced inflammatory responses in the IL-1β-induced explants as evidenced by the downregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) expression.
  • Among the treatments, 25% concentration of F-PRP was particularly effective in consistently inhibiting nitric oxide production, an important inflammatory mediator.
  • PRP treatment generally reduced the release of glycosaminoglycans, indicating a protective effect against cartilage matrix breakdown.
  • Despite these benefits, FD-PRP significantly upregulated certain markers (not fully detailed in the abstract), suggestive of a possible pro-catabolic or matrix-degrading response, a potential safety concern.
  • Metabolomic analysis revealed that both PRP types influenced metabolic pathways linked to glucose, purine, amino acid, lipid, and nucleotide metabolism, highlighting complex biochemical effects beyond simple inflammatory changes.
  • Growth factor assays showed that FD-PRP contained lower concentrations of PDGF and TGF-β1 compared to F-PRP, which may partly explain the differences in biological activity and efficacy between the two forms.

Conclusions and Implications

  • Fresh PRP demonstrated more consistent anti-inflammatory and cartilage matrix-protective effects in the equine OA model.
  • Freeze-dried PRP, while showing some anti-inflammatory properties, induced potentially harmful pro-catabolic responses and had reduced growth factor levels.
  • These findings suggest that FD-PRP currently requires further optimization to improve its safety and biological efficacy before it can be recommended for clinical application in equine OA.
  • The pilot nature of this study indicates that larger-scale and in vivo studies are needed to validate these results and explore the mechanisms underlying observed differences.

Significance for Veterinary Medicine and Future Directions

  • This work enhances understanding of PRP formulations’ biological effects in equine joint disease, aiding veterinarians in making informed treatment decisions.
  • Optimizing FD-PRP could lead to more practical and accessible therapies for OA with improved shelf life and ease of use.
  • Future research should explore ways to preserve or restore growth factor concentrations in FD-PRP and monitor long-term safety and efficacy in live animals.
  • Integration of metabolomics provides a novel approach to monitor treatment impact and potentially discover biomarkers for therapy response.

Cite This Article

APA
Duan S, Wang Z, Jia Y, Lan X, Peng C, Deng X, Jiang H, Wang W, Zhong G, Zhu Y, Li J. (2026). Anti-Inflammatory and Metabolic Effects of Fresh Versus Freeze-Dried Platelet-Rich Plasma on Equine Osteoarthritis in an Ex Vivo Cartilage-Synovium Explant Co-Culture System: A Pilot Study. Vet Sci, 13(7), 654. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070654

Publication

Veterinary sciences
ISSN: 2306-7381
NlmUniqueID: 101680127
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 7
PII: 654

Researcher Affiliations

Duan, Shiyu
  • Equine Clinical Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
Wang, Zixuan
  • Equine Clinical Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
  • State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
Jia, Yuchen
  • Equine Clinical Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
Lan, Xin'er
  • Equine Clinical Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
Peng, Cong
  • Equine Clinical Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
Deng, Xiyue
  • Equine Clinical Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
Jiang, Hui
  • Equine Clinical Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
Wang, Wei
  • Equine Clinical Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
Zhong, Guangzhi
  • Equine Clinical Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
Zhu, Yiping
  • Equine Clinical Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
  • State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
Li, Jing
  • Equine Clinical Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
  • State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.

Grant Funding

  • ZZYD2025010 / Xinjiang Talent Development Fund

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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