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Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)2025; 14(7); 693; doi: 10.3390/antibiotics14070693

Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Staphylococcus aureus Cultured from the Healthy Horses’ Nostrils Sampled in Distant Regions of Brazil.

Abstract: () is a major cause of opportunistic infections in humans and animals, leading to severe systemic diseases. The rise of MDR strains associated with animal carriage poses significant health challenges, underscoring the need to investigate animal-derived . Objective: This study examined the genotypic relatedness and phenotypic profiles of antimicrobial resistance in . , previously sampled from nostril swabs of healthy horses from two geographically distant Brazilian states (Northeast and South), separated by over 3700 km. The study also sought to confirm the presence of methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and borderline oxacillin-resistant (BORSA) strains and to characterize the isolates through molecular typing using PCR. Methods: Among 123 screened staphylococci, 21 isolates were confirmed as via biochemical tests and PCR targeting species-specific genes (, , ). Results: REP-PCR analysis generated genotypic profiles, revealing four antimicrobial resistance patterns, with MDR observed in ten isolates. Six isolates exhibited cefoxitin resistance, suggesting methicillin resistance, despite the absence of the gene. REP-PCR demonstrated high discriminatory power, grouping the isolates into five major clusters. Conclusions: The genotyping indicated no clustering by geographical origin, highlighting significant genetic diversity among strains colonizing horses' nostrils in Brazil. These findings highlight the widespread and varied nature of among horses, contributing to a deeper understanding of its epidemiology and resistance profiles in animals across diverse regions. Ultimately, this genetic diversity can pose a public health risk that the epidemiological surveillance services must investigate.
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Publication Date: 2025-07-09 PubMed ID: 40723995PubMed Central: PMC12291761DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics14070693Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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This research examines the genetic and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria found in the nostrils of healthy horses from two geographically distant regions of Brazil, with the aim of understanding the probable health risks related to this bacteria.

Study Objective and Methodology

  • The purpose of the study was to investigate the genotypic relatedness (i.e., genetic similarities) and phenotypic profiles of antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This bacteria was taken from nasal swabs of healthy horses from Northeast and South Brazilian states, which are over 3700 km apart.
  • The research also intended to confirm the presence of methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), strains that are borderline resistant to oxacillin (BORSA), and to characterize the bacteria through molecular typing using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a laboratory technique used to make multiple copies of a segment of DNA.
  • For the research, biochemical tests and PCR targeting species-specific genes of the bacteria were performed on 123 strains of staphylococci, 21 of which were confirmed as Staphylococcus aureus.

Results of the Study

  • Genotypic profiles were created using an analysis technique called REP-PCR, which revealed four different antimicrobial resistance patterns in the bacteria. Of the 21 isolates, ten were found to have multi-drug resistance (MDR).
  • Six of the isolates demonstrated resistance to cefoxitin, a form of antibiotic, suggesting they may be methicillin-resistant (a type of antibiotic resistance). This was despite the absence of the mecA gene, which is usually an indicator of methicillin resistance in bacteria.
  • The REP-PCR analysis tool was found to be highly effective in differentiating between the isolates, placing them into five main groups or clusters.

Conclusion of the Study

  • Interestingly, the genotyping did not show any patterns of genetic similarity based on the geographical location of the horse populations sampled. This indicates a high level of genetic diversity among the Staphylococcus aureus strains found in horses’ nostrils across Brazil.
  • The diversity and widespread nature of the bacteria impose significant public health risks that need to be addressed by epidemiological surveillance services, as the bacteria in question are responsible for opportunistic infections that can lead to severe disease. Greater understanding of the bacteria’s epidemiology and resistance profiles across various horse populations can help manage these risks effectively.

Cite This Article

APA
Saraiva MMS, Rodrigues HLS, Benevides VP, de Leon CMCG, Santos SCL, Stipp DT, Givisiez PEN, Vieira RFC, Oliveira CJB. (2025). Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Staphylococcus aureus Cultured from the Healthy Horses’ Nostrils Sampled in Distant Regions of Brazil. Antibiotics (Basel), 14(7), 693. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14070693

Publication

Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2079-6382
NlmUniqueID: 101637404
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 7
PII: 693

Researcher Affiliations

Saraiva, Mauro M S
  • Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia 58397-000, PB, Brazil.
  • School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV/Unesp), São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal 14885-900, SP, Brazil.
Rodrigues, Heitor Leocádio de Souza
  • School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV/Unesp), São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal 14885-900, SP, Brazil.
Benevides, Valdinete Pereira
  • School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV/Unesp), São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal 14885-900, SP, Brazil.
de Leon, Candice Maria Cardoso Gomes
  • Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia 58397-000, PB, Brazil.
Santos, Silvana C L
  • Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia 58397-000, PB, Brazil.
Stipp, Danilo T
  • College for Natural Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil.
Givisiez, Patricia E N
  • Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia 58397-000, PB, Brazil.
Vieira, Rafael F C
  • Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
  • Center for Computational Intelligence to Predict Health and Environmental Risks (CIPHER), The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
Oliveira, Celso J B
  • School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV/Unesp), São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal 14885-900, SP, Brazil.

Grant Funding

  • Finance Code 001 / Coordenau00e7u00e3o de Aperfeiu00e7oamento de Pessoal de Nu00edvel Superior - Brasil (CAPES)
  • Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (CNPq)
  • Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP)

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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