Antioxidant status and muscle cell leakage during endurance exercise.
Abstract: Antioxidant status of 35 endurance horses was studied during an 80 (OD80) or 160 km (OD160) race. Packed cell volume (PCV), total plasma protein (TPP), plasma ascorbic acid (VIT C), plasma alpha-tocopherol (VIT E) and erythrocyte glutathione (GSH) concentrations, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GPX), plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and plasma creatine kinase (CK) activities were measured at 0, 40, 80 km and 60 min of recovery (REC) at OD80, and 0, 64, 106, 142, 160 km and REC at OD160. In both races, no changes were found in plasma VIT E concentration, but VIT C and GSH concentrations decreased (P<0.05), and mean GPX, AST and CK activities increased from 0 km (P<0.05). Indices of muscle cell leakage (plasma AST and CK) were correlated (r = 0.36 to 0.67; P<0.03) with indices of antioxidant status (VIT C, GSH and GPX). Associations between increased muscle leakage and decreased antioxidant status may, in part, reflect oxidative stress and suggest the testing of antioxidant supplements in endurance horses to improve performance and welfare.
Publication Date: 2002-10-31 PubMed ID: 12405670DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05402.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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The study investigates the levels of antioxidants and muscle cell leakage in endurance horses during an 80 or 160 km race in order to ascertain the relationship between antioxidant status and muscle health during heavy exercise.
Introduction to the Study
In the research article, the authors initiated an evaluation of the antioxidant status of 35 endurance horses during two types of races: an 80 km race (OD80) and a 160 km race (OD160). The focus of the study was to investigate how intense endurance exercise impacts the biochemistry of the horse’s body. They assessed several bio markers including packed cell volume, total plasma protein, different plasma vitamins, and various other factors related to muscle health and antioxidants.
Methodology
- The concentrations of packed cell volume (PCV), total plasma protein (TPP), plasma ascorbic acid (VIT C), plasma alpha-tocopherol (VIT E), erythrocyte glutathione (GSH), erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and the activities of plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and plasma creatine kinase (CK) were evaluated at several specified points in the races or recovery periods.
- For the OD80 race the measurements were taken at 0, 40, 80 km and after 60 mins of recovery, while for the OD160 race, the measurements were collected at 0, 64, 106, 142, 160 km and during the recovery phase.
Findings
- Interestingly, the researchers found that there were no changes in plasma VIT E concentrations in either of the races.
- However, they noticed decreases in VIT C and GSH concentrations over the course of the races.
- They also noted that the mean GPX, AST, and CK activities had increased from their initial levels at 0 km.
- There were correlations established between indices of muscle cell leakage (marked by plasma AST and CK) and indices of antioxidant status (VIT C, GSH and GPX) within the range of r = 0.36 to 0.67 and P<0.03.
Conclusion
- The associations between increased muscle leakage and decreased antioxidant status may suggest oxidative stress in the horses
- As such, the authors suggest that further testing of antioxidant supplements in endurance horses could potentially improve their performance and overall welfare.
Cite This Article
APA
Hargreaves BJ, Kronfeld DS, Waldron JN, Lopes MA, Gay LS, Saker KE, Cooper WL, Sklan DJ, Harris PA.
(2002).
Antioxidant status and muscle cell leakage during endurance exercise.
Equine Vet J Suppl(34), 116-121.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05402.x Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061-0306, USA.
MeSH Terms
- Animal Welfare
- Animals
- Antioxidants / metabolism
- Ascorbic Acid / blood
- Aspartate Aminotransferases / blood
- Blood Proteins / analysis
- Creatine Kinase / blood
- Erythrocytes / enzymology
- Erythrocytes / physiology
- Female
- Glutathione / blood
- Glutathione Peroxidase / blood
- Hematocrit / veterinary
- Horses / blood
- Horses / physiology
- Male
- Muscle Cells / enzymology
- Muscle Cells / physiology
- Physical Endurance / physiology
- Running / physiology
- Time Factors
- alpha-Tocopherol / blood
Citations
This article has been cited 11 times.- Bollinger L, Bartel A, Weber C, Gehlen H. Pre-Ride Biomarkers and Endurance Horse Welfare: Analyzing the Impact of the Elimination of Superoxide Dismutase, δ-Aminolevulinic-Dehydratase, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances, Iron, and Serum Amyloid A Levels in Elite 160 km Endurance Rides. Animals (Basel) 2023 May 17;13(10).
- Nemec Svete A, Vovk T, Bohar Topolovec M, Kruljc P. Effects of Vitamin E and Coenzyme Q(10) Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Parameters in Untrained Leisure Horses Subjected to Acute Moderate Exercise. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021 Jun 3;10(6).
- Brkljača Bottegaro N, Gotić J, Šuran J, Brozić D, Klobučar K, Bojanić K, Vrbanac Z. Effect of prolonged submaximal exercise on serum oxidative stress biomarkers (d-ROMs, MDA, BAP) and oxidative stress index in endurance horses. BMC Vet Res 2018 Jul 6;14(1):216.
- Ma S, Huang Q, Yada K, Liu C, Suzuki K. An 8-Week Ketogenic Low Carbohydrate, High Fat Diet Enhanced Exhaustive Exercise Capacity in Mice. Nutrients 2018 May 25;10(6).
- Sechi S, Fiore F, Chiavolelli F, Dimauro C, Nudda A, Cocco R. Oxidative stress and food supplementation with antioxidants in therapy dogs. Can J Vet Res 2017 Jul;81(3):206-216.
- Sechi S, Di Cerbo A, Canello S, Guidetti G, Chiavolelli F, Fiore F, Cocco R. Effects in dogs with behavioural disorders of a commercial nutraceutical diet on stress and neuroendocrine parameters. Vet Rec 2017 Jan 7;180(1):18.
- Ememe MU, Abdullahi US, Sackey AK, Ayo JO, Mshelia WP, Edeh RE. Effects of a joint supplement whose main components are resveratrol and hyaluronic acid on some biochemical parameters in aged lame horses. J Equine Sci 2016;27(1):19-22.
- El-Deeb WM, El-Bahr SM. Investigation of selected biochemical indicators of Equine Rhabdomyolysis in Arabian horses: pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers. Vet Res Commun 2010 Dec;34(8):677-89.
- Castiglione GM, Chen X, Xu Z, Dbouk NH, Bose AA, Carmona-Berrio D, Chi EE, Zhou L, Boronina TN, Cole RN, Wu S, Liu AD, Liu TD, Lu H, Kalbfleisch T, Rinker D, Rokas A, Ortved K, Duh EJ. Running a genetic stop sign accelerates oxygen metabolism and energy production in horses. Science 2025 Mar 28;387(6741):eadr8589.
- Orzołek A, Rafalska KT, Domosławska-Wyderska A, Rafalska AM, Dziekońska A, Jastrzębska E, Dobbek D. The effect of solarium light therapy on selected biological and biochemical parameters of peripheral blood in young and old horses. PLoS One 2024;19(5):e0304290.
- Zhang X, Geng A, Cao D, Dugarjaviin M. Identification of mulberry leaf flavonoids and evaluating their protective effects on H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative damage in equine skeletal muscle satellite cells. Front Mol Biosci 2024;11:1353387.
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