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Vaccines2022; 10(6); 855; doi: 10.3390/vaccines10060855

Assessment of Humoral and Long-Term Cell-Mediated Immune Responses to Recombinant Canarypox-Vectored Equine Influenza Virus Vaccination in Horses Using Conventional and Accelerated Regimens Respectively.

Abstract: During Australia's first and only outbreak of equine influenza (EI), which was restricted to two northeastern states, horses were strategically vaccinated with a recombinant canarypox-vectored vaccine (rCP-EIV; ProteqFlu™, Merial P/L). The vaccine encoded for haemagglutinin (HA) belonging to two equine influenza viruses (EIVs), including an American and Eurasian lineage subtype that predated the EIV responsible for the outbreak (A/equine/Sydney/07). Racehorses in Victoria (a southern state that remained free of EI) were vaccinated prophylactically. Although the vaccine encoded for (HA) belonged to two EIVs of distinct strains of the field virus, clinical protection was reported in vaccinated horses. Our aim is to assess the extent of humoral immunity in one group of vaccinated horses and interferon-gamma ((EIV)-IFN-γ)) production in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of a second population of vaccinated horses. Twelve racehorses at work were monitored for haemagglutination inhibition antibodies to three antigenically distinct equine influenza viruses (EIVs) The EIV antigens included two H3N8 subtypes: A/equine/Sydney/07) A/equine/Newmarket/95 (a European lineage strain) and an H7N7 subtype (A/equine/Prague1956). Cell-mediated immune responses of: seven racehorses following an accelerated vaccination schedule, two horses vaccinated using a conventional regimen, and six unvaccinated horses were evaluated by determining (EIV)-IFN-γ levels. Antibody responses following vaccination with ProteqFlu™ were cross-reactive in nature, with responses to both H3N8 EIV strains. Although (EIV)IFN-γ was clearly detected following the in vitro re-stimulation of PBMC, there was no significant difference between the different groups of horses. Results of this study support reports of clinical protection of Australian horses following vaccination with Proteq-Flu™ with objective evidence of humoral cross-reactivity to the outbreak viral strain A/equine/Sydney/07.
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Publication Date: 2022-05-26 PubMed ID: 35746463PubMed Central: PMC9229645DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060855Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research examined the immune responses in racehorses to a particular equine influenza vaccine (ProteqFlu™), comparing conventional and accelerated vaccination regimens. The study found that vaccination elicited cross-reactive antibody responses and did not significantly difference in stimulating cellular immunity in the different groups of horses.

Research Objectives and Background

  • This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the ProteqFlu™ vaccine, a recombinant canarypox-vectored vaccine, in generating immune responses in horses.
  • It specifically examined humoral (immunity involving antibodies) and cell-mediated immune responses at long-term intervals after vaccination.
  • The vaccine includes antigens for two different strains of equine influenza (an American and a Eurasian lineage subtype), which were prevalent before the EIV responsible for an influenza outbreak in Australia.

Methods

  • The researchers monitored twelve working racehorses for humoral immune responses, specifically looking at the generation of haemagglutination inhibition antibodies against three distinct strains of equine influenza viruses (EIVs).
  • The study also examined the cell-mediated immune responses in a different group of racehorses, which included seven horses given an accelerated vaccination schedule, two horses vaccinated conventionally, and six unvaccinated horses.
  • The cell-mediated responses were evaluated based on the levels of interferon-gamma ((EIV)-IFN-γ), a key signaling protein involved in immune responses, in the horses’ peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).

Findings

  • The cross-reactive nature of antibody responses following vaccination with ProteqFlu™ was observed, showing responses to both H3N8 EIV strains.
  • Detectable levels of (EIV)IFN-γ were found after re-stimulation of PBMCs in vitro, signifying effective immune response.
  • However, the levels of (EIV)IFN-γ were not significantly different between the various groups of horses, indicating that the ProteqFlu™ vaccine’s effectiveness is not significantly affected by the method of vaccination (accelerated or conventional).

Implications

  • The results of the study provide evidence towards the clinical effectiveness of the Proteq-Flu™ vaccine, particularly its ability to stimulate cross-reactive antibody responses.
  • Furthermore, it suggests that the vaccine is effective regardless of the vaccination schedule employed.

Cite This Article

APA
El-Hage C, Hartley C, Savage C, Watson J, Gilkerson J, Paillot R. (2022). Assessment of Humoral and Long-Term Cell-Mediated Immune Responses to Recombinant Canarypox-Vectored Equine Influenza Virus Vaccination in Horses Using Conventional and Accelerated Regimens Respectively. Vaccines (Basel), 10(6), 855. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10060855

Publication

Vaccines
ISSN: 2076-393X
NlmUniqueID: 101629355
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 6
PII: 855

Researcher Affiliations

El-Hage, Charles
  • Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
Hartley, Carol
  • Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
Savage, Catherine
  • Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
Watson, James
  • Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia.
Gilkerson, James
  • Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
Paillot, Romain
  • School of Equine and Veterinary Physiotherapy, Writtle University College, Lordship Road, Writtle, Chelmsford CM1 3RR, UK.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Alpysbayeva SE, Abdykalyk AA, Tileukhanov K, Abdimukhtar AR, Toleukhan AT, Sarmykova MK, Anarbekova AM, Shayakhmetov YA, Syrym NS, Nurabaev SS, Yespembetov BA. Evaluating the Biochemical and Haematological Safety of the Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum '8ZH' Vaccine in Foals. Vet Med Sci 2026 Jan;12(1):e70764.
    doi: 10.1002/vms3.70764pubmed: 41499477google scholar: lookup
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