B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography in pony mares with experimentally induced ascending placentitis.
Abstract: Early, accurate diagnosis of ascending placentitis in mares remains a key challenge for successful treatment of the disease. Doppler ultrasonography has shown promise as a tool to diagnose pregnancy abnormalities and is becoming more available to equine clinicians. However, to date, no studies have prospectively compared this technique to standard B-mode measurement of the combined thickness of the uterus and placenta (CTUP). Objective: The objective of the current study was to compare Doppler and B-mode ultrasonography for the detection of experimentally-induced ascending placentitis in mares. Methods: Eleven healthy pony mares in late gestation were used in this study. Placentitis was induced in 6 mares between Days 280 and 295, while 5 mares served as negative controls. All mares were intensively monitored until delivery. Fetal heart rate, CTUP, uterine artery blood flow (resistance index, pulsatility index, arterial diameter and total arterial blood flow) and physical examination findings were recorded at each examination. Mares with an increased CTUP above published values were treated in accordance with published recommendations. Foals and fetal membranes were examined at birth. Ultrasonographic parameters were compared between groups using ANOVA. Foal viability and histological presence of placentitis were compared using a Fisher's exact test. Results: The CTUP was increased above normal in 5 of 6 inoculated mares within 3 days after inoculation (P = 0.05). The sixth inoculated mare was excluded from subsequent data analysis. Uterine artery blood flow, physical examination findings and fetal heart rate were not different between groups. Gradual increases in CTUP, arterial diameter and total arterial blood flow were detected with increasing gestational age in the control mares (P = 0.02, P = 0.00001 and P = 0.00001, respectively). Conclusions: The CTUP, but not uterine blood flow, was different between groups (P = 0.00001). Recorded CTUP values for control pony mares were similar to previously published values for light breed horses.
Publication Date: 2013-03-02 PubMed ID: 23447885DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00658.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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The research paper investigates the use of Doppler and B-mode ultrasonography in detecting early signs of ascending placentitis in pony mares, a disease that complicates pregnancy. The study concluded that CTUP (combined thickness of the uterus and placenta), rather than uterine blood flow, was the differentiating factor between healthy beings and those infected.
Objective
The main goal of the study was to determine which between B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography was more effective in pinpointing the presence of ascending placentitis in pony mares.
Methods
- The study comprised of two groups: 6 pony mares in which placentitis was induced (between day 280 and 295 of gestation), and a control group of 5 healthy pony mares.
- Several parameters were monitored, such as CTUP, fetal heart rate, uterine artery blood flow, physical examination findings, and other relevant measures.
- Mares showing an increased CTUP value were treated as per recommended by the experts.
- Upon delivery, foals and fetal membranes underwent examination. The data from the ultrasound parameters from each group were then compared using an ANOVA statistical model.
Results
- CTUP increased notably in 5 out of the 6 mares suffering from placentitis with 3 days of induction. The other mare was excluded from data analysis.
- The heart rate of the foetus, blood flow in the uterine artery, as well as physical examination findings showed no significant differences across the two groups.
- In the control group, total arterial blood flow, CTUP, and arterial diameter had a gradual increase with the progression of the gestational period.
Conclusions
- The study concluded that CTUP, as opposed to uterine blood flow, showed a significant difference between mares suffering from ascending placentitis and those that were healthy.
- The CTUP values observed for healthy mares lined up with previously documented values for other horse breeds illustrating no significant breed differences in this parameter.
Cite This Article
APA
Bailey CS, Heitzman JM, Buchanan CN, Bare CA, Sper RB, Borst LB, Macpherson M, Archibald K, Whitacre M.
(2013).
B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography in pony mares with experimentally induced ascending placentitis.
Equine Vet J Suppl(43), 88-94.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00658.x Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA. scott_bailey@ncsu.edu
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Female
- Horse Diseases / diagnostic imaging
- Horse Diseases / microbiology
- Horse Diseases / pathology
- Horses
- Placenta Diseases / microbiology
- Placenta Diseases / pathology
- Placenta Diseases / veterinary
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / microbiology
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / pathology
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / veterinary
- Stillbirth
- Streptococcal Infections / microbiology
- Streptococcal Infections / pathology
- Streptococcal Infections / veterinary
- Streptococcus equi
- Ultrasonography, Doppler / instrumentation
- Ultrasonography, Doppler / methods
- Ultrasonography, Doppler / veterinary
Citations
This article has been cited 7 times.- Abdelnaby EA, Emam IA, El-Sherbiny HR, Fadl AM. The effects of aging and gestational month on uteroplacental vascular perfusion, and umbilical artery hemodynamics in pregnant jennies.. BMC Vet Res 2022 Nov 15;18(1):404.
- Haneda S, Dini P, Esteller-Vico A, Scoggin KE, Squires EL, Troedsson MH, Daels P, Nambo Y, Ball BA. Estrogens Regulate Placental Angiogenesis in Horses.. Int J Mol Sci 2021 Nov 9;22(22).
- Gao Y, Hannan MA, Murata K, Rajabi-Toustani R, Nambo Y. Ultrasonographic examination of equine fetal growth parameters throughout gestation in pony for Equine-Assisted Therapy.. J Vet Med Sci 2022 Jan 7;84(1):74-81.
- Ivančić M, Gomez FM, Musser WB, Barratclough A, Meegan JM, Waitt SM, Cárdenas Llerenas A, Jensen ED, Smith CR. Ultrasonographic findings associated with normal pregnancy and fetal well-being in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus).. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020 Mar;61(2):215-226.
- Kimura Y, Haneda S, Aoki T, Furuoka H, Miki W, Fukumoto N, Matsui M, Nambo Y. Combined thickness of the uterus and placenta and ultrasonographic examinations of uteroplacental tissues in normal pregnancy, placentitis, and abnormal parturitions in heavy draft horses.. J Equine Sci 2018;29(1):1-8.
- Murase H, Miyazawa M, Harada T, Ozawa M, Sato F, Hada T. Aborted fetal sizes of Thoroughbred horses in Hidaka, Japan, between 2005 and 2015.. J Equine Sci 2017;28(2):47-53.
- Murase H, Niwa H, Katayama Y, Sato F, Hada T, Nambo Y. A clinical case of equine fungal placentitis with reference to hormone profiles and ultrasonography.. J Equine Sci 2015;26(4):129-33.
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