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Bacterial identification in cerebrospinal fluid of domestic species with neurologic signs: a retrospective case-series study in 136 animals (2005-2021).
Abstract: Central nervous system (CNS) infections comprise life-threatening clinical conditions in domestic species, and are commonly related to severe sequelae, disability, or high fatality rates. A set of bacterial pathogens have been identified in central nervous infections in livestock and companion animals, although the most of descriptions are restricted to case reports and a lack of comprehensive studies involving CNS-related bacterial infections have been focused on a great number of domestic species. In this scenario, we retrospectively investigated selected epidemiological data, clinical findings, bacteriological culture, and in vitro susceptibility patterns of 136 nonrepetitive neurologic cases in domestic species (2005-2021). Bacterial isolates were recovered from 25% (34/136) of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampled. The isolates were obtained from cattle (9/136 = 6.6%), dogs (7/136 = 5.1%), horses (6/136 = 4.4%), goats (3/136 = 2.2%), pigs (3/136 = 2.2%), sheep (3/136 = 2.2%), cats (2/136 = 1.5%), and asinine (1/136 = 0.7%). Among animals with bacterial isolation, Staphylococcus aureus (6/34 = 17.6%), Escherichia coli (5/34 = 14.7%), Staphylococcus beta-hemolytic (5/34 = 14.7%), and Trueperella pyogenes (3/34 = 8.8%) were predominant, in addition to a miscellaneous of other bacteria isolated in minor frequency, e.g., Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Enterobacter cloacae, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus equi subsp. equi. In vitro susceptibility tests of isolates revealed that amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (11/13 = 84.6%), cephalexin (9/11 = 81.8%), and florfenicol (9/12 = 75%) were the most effective antimicrobials. Conversely, isolates exhibited resistance mainly to tetracycline (6/10 = 60%), penicillin (6/11 = 54.5%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (5/11 = 45.5%). Also, multidrug resistance to ≥ 3 classes of antimicrobials was found in 23.5% (8/34) strains. Data relative to the outcome was available in 79.4% (27/34) of animals that had bacterial isolation, and from these, the lethality rate was 92.6% (25/27). Incoordination (14/34 = 41.2%), recumbency (11/34 = 32.4%), apathy (10/34 = 29.4%), anorexia (9/34 = 26.5%), blindness (7/34 = 20.6%), seizure (6/34 = 17.6%), limb paresis (5/34 = 14.7%), head-pressing (4/34 = 11.8%), and nystagmus (3/34 = 8.8%) were the most frequent clinical signs. A variety of bacterial pathogens were identified in the CSF of domestic species showing neurologic signs, with a predominance of staphylococci, streptococci, and enterobacteria. High lethality of cases, poor in vitro efficacy of conventional antimicrobials, and a high in vitro multidrug resistance pattern of isolates were seen. Our results contribute to etiological characterization, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and clinical-epidemiological findings of bacterial infections in domestic species with neurological signs.
© 2022. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia.
Publication Date: 2022-12-26 PubMed ID: 36571673PubMed Central: PMC9944471DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00891-2Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
- Antibiotics
- Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Clinical Findings
- Clinical Pathology
- Clinical Signs
- Diagnosis
- Disease Diagnosis
- Disease Etiology
- Domestic Animals
- Epidemiology
- Equine Health
- Escherichia coli
- In Vitro Research
- Infection
- Livestock
- Neurological Diseases
- Retrospective Study
- Staphylococcus
- Veterinary Medicine
- Veterinary Research
Summary
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This study involved a retrospective review of bacterial infections in domestic animals’ central nervous systems (CNS) over a 16 year period (2005-2021), drawing on 136 diverse cases to assess the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of various pathogens, as well as the effectiveness of common treatments.
Research Purpose and Method
- The purpose of the research was to get a better understanding of bacterial pathogens causing infections in the CNS of domestic animals, including their frequency, resistance patterns, and clinical signs.
- To achieve this, a total of 136 distinct cases involving a variety of domestic species (like cows, dogs, horses etc.) from 2005 to 2021 were retrospectively reviewed.
- Data relative to epidemiological information, clinical indications, bacterial cultures, and in vitro susceptibility patterns were considered for the analysis.
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which surrounds and cushions the brain and spinal cord, was collected from the animals and cultured to identify bacterial pathogens responsible for the infections.
Findings on Bacterial Isolates
- Of the 136 cases investigated, bacterial isolates were recovered from 25% of the cerebrospinal fluid sampled.
- These isolates were found across multiple species and a range of bacteria were identified including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus beta-hemolytic, Trueperella pyogenes, etc.
- The proportion of bacterial isolation in different animal species and the frequency of different bacteria were noted.
Findings on Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance
- In vitro susceptibility tests on the isolates were performed, revealing that amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cephalexin and florfenicol were the most effective antimicrobials.
- Conversely, the isolates demonstrated resistance mainly to antibiotics like tetracycline, penicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.
- Significant concern is that 23.5% of the strains showed multidrug resistance, i.e., resisting at least three classes of antimicrobials.
Outcome and Clinical Signs
- Outcome data indicated that of the bacterial cases, almost 92.6% had a fatal outcome.
- Clinical signs frequently observed included incoordination, recumbency (unable to rise), apathy, anorexia (loss of appetite), blindness, seizures, limb paresis (weakness), head-pressing, and nystagmus (involuntary eye movement).
Conclusion
- The research highlights concerning trends including the high lethality rate among cases, poor in vitro efficacy of conventional antimicrobials, and a high in vitro multidrug resistance pattern among isolates.
- The study contributes valuable data to understand the bacterial infections in CNS of domestic species, guiding clinicians towards more effective and responsible use of antimicrobials.
Cite This Article
APA
Ribeiro MG, Pereira TT, de Lima Paz PJ, de Almeida BO, Cerviu00f1o CSA, Rodrigues CA, Santos GTS, de Souza Freire LM, Portilho FVR, Filho MFu00c1, Paschoal NR, Bello TS, Megid J, Langoni H, Appolinu00e1rio CM, Borges AS, Amorim RM, Giuffrida R, de Oliveira Filho JP, Siqueira AK, Listoni FJP, Paes AC.
(2022).
Bacterial identification in cerebrospinal fluid of domestic species with neurologic signs: a retrospective case-series study in 136 animals (2005-2021).
Braz J Microbiol, 54(1), 449-457.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-022-00891-2 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - FMVZ, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil. marcio.ribeiro@unesp.br.
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - FMVZ, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - FMVZ, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - FMVZ, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - FMVZ, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - FMVZ, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - FMVZ, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - FMVZ, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - FMVZ, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - FMVZ, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - FMVZ, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - FMVZ, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - FMVZ, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - FMVZ, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - FMVZ, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Su00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Su00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Western Su00e3o Paulo - UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Su00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern State University - UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil.
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - FMVZ, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - FMVZ, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Dogs
- Cattle
- Horses
- Swine
- Sheep
- Retrospective Studies
- Drug Resistance, Bacterial
- Anti-Bacterial Agents / pharmacology
- Bacteria
- Escherichia coli
- Staphylococcal Infections
- Staphylococcus
- Goats
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare no competing interests.
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