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Frontiers in neuroscience2024; 18; 1411982; doi: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1411982

Beyond the surface: how ex-vivo diffusion-weighted imaging reveals large animal brain microstructure and connectivity.

Abstract: Diffusion-weighted Imaging (DWI) is an effective and state-of-the-art neuroimaging method that non-invasively reveals the microstructure and connectivity of tissues. Recently, novel applications of the DWI technique in studying large brains through imaging enabled researchers to gain insights into the complex neural architecture in different species such as those of (e.g., horses and rhinos), (e.g., bovids, swines, and cetaceans), and (e.g., felids, canids, and pinnipeds). Classical tract-tracing methods are usually considered unsuitable for ethical and practical reasons, in large animals or protected species. DWI-based tractography offers the chance to examine the microstructure and connectivity of formalin-fixed tissues with scan times and precision that is not feasible . This paper explores DWI's application to brains of large animals, highlighting the unique insights it offers into the structure of sometimes phylogenetically different neural networks, the connectivity of white matter tracts, and comparative evolutionary adaptations. Here, we also summarize the challenges, concerns, and perspectives of DWI that will shape the future of the field in large brains.
Copyright © 2024 Behroozi, Graïc and Gerussi.
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Publication Date: 2024-06-26 PubMed ID: 38988768PubMed Central: PMC11233460DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1411982Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study presents the use of Diffusion-weighted Imaging (DWI) as an advanced neuroimaging technique to observe and understand the brain microstructure and connectivity in large animals by studying fixed tissues, enabling researchers to explore unique neural structures and evolutionary adaptations in a non-invasive manner.

Method: Diffusion-weighted Imaging (DWI)

  • The research paper highlights the use of Diffusion-weighted Imaging (DWI), a superior and cutting-edge neuroimaging technique. DWI has the ability to illustrate the microstructure and connection between tissues in a non-invasive manner, which means it doesn’t cause harm or discomfort to the animal.
  • The unique aspect of the DWI technique is its ability to study large brains, such as those of equines (e.g., horses and rhinos), artiodactyls (e.g., bovids, swines, and cetaceans), and carnivores (e.g., felids, canids, and pinnipeds).

Advantages of DWI Based Tractography

  • Traditional tract-tracing methods can often be impractical and ethically challenging, particularly when working with large or protected species. The application of DWI offers a solution to these limitations by providing a method to examine the brain’s microstructure and connectivity using formalin-fixed tissues.
  • DWI tractography provides faster scanning times with high precision, something that is not feasible with conventional methods. This allows for more detailed and efficient studies of the brain’s detailed structure.

Insights Obtained from DWI Studies

  • The DWI technique offers unique insights into the structure of complex neural networks, which can significantly differ across various species due to evolutionary adaptations.
  • This method is particularly helpful for understanding the connectivity of white matter tracts, allowing researchers to gain a clearer understanding of brain function and structure in different species.

Future Perspectives and Challenges

  • While the DWI technique possesses substantial advantages, it also has limitations and challenges. These include difficulties in accessibility and cost, the necessity for extensive computational resources and sophisticated software, limitation in resolution, and challenges in validating the methodological assumptions.
  • The article provides a perspective on the future application of DWI for large-brain research. The researchers predict that DWI will shape the future of this field, presenting new opportunities for understanding brain evolution, structure, and function across a range of species.

Cite This Article

APA
Behroozi M, Graïc JM, Gerussi T. (2024). Beyond the surface: how ex-vivo diffusion-weighted imaging reveals large animal brain microstructure and connectivity. Front Neurosci, 18, 1411982. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1411982

Publication

Frontiers in neuroscience
ISSN: 1662-4548
NlmUniqueID: 101478481
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 18
Pages: 1411982
PII: 1411982

Researcher Affiliations

Behroozi, Mehdi
  • Department of Biopsychology, Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
Graïc, Jean-Marie
  • Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy.
Gerussi, Tommaso
  • Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy.
  • Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Gkotsoulias DG, Schönenberger L, Leupold J, Callegari I, Bahn E, Stadelmann C, von Elverfeldt D, Kiselev VG, Weigel M, Granziera C. Bridging mesoscopic and microscopic scales in multiple sclerosis: Post mortem brain block multi-contrast 9.4T MRI and histology quantification. STAR Protoc 2025 Nov 17;6(4):104203.
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