Bias Associated with Peripheral Non-Invasive Compared to Invasive Arterial Blood Pressure Monitoring in Healthy Anaesthetised and Standing Horses Using the Bionet BM7Vet.
Abstract: To compare arterial blood pressure (ABP) measured invasively (IBP) to ABP measured non-invasively (NIBP) via oscillometry in healthy anaesthetised and standing horses using the Bionet BM7Vet. Fourteen horses were anaesthetised for elective procedures (anaesthetised group) and 10 horses were enrolled for standing blood pressure manipulation (standing group). In both groups, IBP and NIBP-corrected to heart level were measured every 3 min using the Bionet BM7Vet. The overall mean difference (bias), standard deviation and limits of agreement (LOA) were calculated for paired IBP and NIBP systolic (SAP), mean (MAP) and diastolic (DAP) blood pressure measurements. In anaesthetised horses, the NIBP cuff was placed at either the proximal tail base or the metacarpus. Invasive MAP was used to retrospectively characterise measurements into hypotensive (≤70 mm Hg), normotensive (71-110 mm Hg) or hypertensive (≥111 mm Hg) subgroups. In standing horses, the NIBP cuff was placed at the tail base only and invasive MAP was manipulated to achieve hypertension (≥126 mm Hg) and hypotension (≤90 mm Hg) using phenylephrine and acepromazine, respectively. When measuring NIBP at the tail in anaesthetised horses, the Bionet BM7Vet failed on 8/185 occasions and overestimated SAP, MAP and DAP during hypotension and normotension. The biases (lower, upper LOA) for MAP were -11.4 (-33.3, 10.5) and -6.0 (-25.8, 13.8) mm Hg, respectively. Hypertension could not be evaluated. When measuring NIBP at the metacarpus in anaesthetised horses, the Bionet BM7Vet failed on 24/65 occasions and underestimated SAP, MAP and DAP when all ABP subgroups were combined. The bias (lower, upper LOA) for pooled MAP was 3.6 (-44.3, 51.6) mm Hg. When measuring NIBP at the tail in standing horses, the Bionet BM7Vet failed on 64/268 occasions and underestimated SAP, MAP and DAP during hypotension, normotension and hypertension. The biases (lower, upper LOA) for MAP were 16.3 (-10.5, 43.1), 16.6 (-19.5, 52.7) and 30.0 (-8.1, 68.0) mm Hg, respectively. Monitoring NIBP on the Bionet BM7Vet in anaesthetised horses overestimated ABP at the tail and underestimated ABP at the metacarpus. The device inaccurately detected hypotension and should be used cautiously. In standing horses, the Bionet BM7Vet underestimated ABP at the tail, especially during pharmacologically induced hypertension.
Publication Date: 2022-01-28 PubMed ID: 35202305PubMed Central: PMC8878245DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9020052Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
Summary
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The research article discusses an analysis of blood pressure measurements in horses, comparing readings taken invasively vs non-invasively with the Bionet BM7Vet device. The results suggest that the non-invasive procedure can often overestimate or underestimate arterial blood pressure, especially during conditions of hypotension or hypertension.
Objective and Study Groups
- The study aimed to investigate the accuracy of invasive blood pressure (IBP) measurements versus non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP) readings using a device called the Bionet BM7Vet.
- Two groups of horses were studied: those anaesthetised for elective procedures and those standing normally. Fourteen horses were in the anaesthetised group, and ten were in the standing group.
Methodology
- IBP and NIBP were measured every three minutes using the Bionet BM7Vet device. Data collected include systolic, mean, and diastolic blood pressure measurements.
- The Bionet BM7Vet was applied differently in both the study groups. It was placed at the proximal tail base or the metacarpus for anesthesia, while for standing horses, the device was placed at the tail base.
- For the standing horse group, hypertension and hypotension were artificially induced using drugs, allowing the researchers to test the device under a variety of blood pressure conditions.
Results and Findings
- The study came across numerous instances where non-invasive blood pressure readings were either overestimated or underestimated. In general, the Bionet BM7Vet device wasn’t completely reliable, with discrepancies varying based on the horse’s blood pressure state (hypotensive, normotensive, or hypertensive), and the site of application (tail base or metacarpus).
- For instance, when used on anaesthetised horses at the tail base, the device failed 8 out of 185 times, overestimating systolic, mean, and diastolic blood pressure measurements during hypotension and normotension.
- When used on anaesthetised horses at the metacarpus, the device failed 24 out of 65 times, underestimating blood pressure when all blood pressure subgroups were evaluated.
- In the standing horse group, the device failed 64 out of 268 times, often underestimating blood pressure during all states of induced blood pressure.
Conclusions
- The results from this study suggest that when using the Bionet BM7Vet device, non-invasive blood pressure monitoring tends to overestimate arterial blood pressure in anaesthetised horses at the tail and underestimate it at the metacarpus, making it unreliable especially in detecting hypotension.
- In standing horses, the device often underestimated arterial blood pressure at the tail, and was particularly inaccurate during induced hypertension.
- Overall, the study advises caution when using this device for monitoring non-invasive blood pressure in horses due to these biases.
Cite This Article
APA
Pratt S, Barnes TS, Cowling N, de Klerk K, Rainger J, Sole-Guitart A, Woldeyohannes S, Goodwin W.
(2022).
Bias Associated with Peripheral Non-Invasive Compared to Invasive Arterial Blood Pressure Monitoring in Healthy Anaesthetised and Standing Horses Using the Bionet BM7Vet.
Vet Sci, 9(2), 52.
https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9020052 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- School of Veterinary Science, Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Australia.
- School of Veterinary Science, Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Australia.
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Australia.
- School of Veterinary Science, Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Australia.
- School of Veterinary Science, Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Australia.
- School of Veterinary Science, Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Australia.
- School of Veterinary Science, Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Australia.
- School of Veterinary Science, Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Australia.
- School of Veterinary Science, Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Australia.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Citations
This article has been cited 1 times.- Mendoza FJ, Buzon-Cuevas A, Aguilera-Aguilera R, Gonzalez-De Cara CA, De Las Heras A, Perez-Ecija A. Hemodynamic Response to Lipopolysaccharide Infusion and Effect of Meloxicam Administration on Cardiac Function in Donkeys. Animals (Basel) 2024 Dec 18;14(24).
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