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Biocide and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal isolates from horses.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocide and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal isolates from horses. Fourteen methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) were subjected to an extensive genotype characterization, including SCCmec, dru, spa, PFGE and MLST typing. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed and resistance genes were detected by PCR. Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of four biocides [chlorhexidine acetate (CHA), benzalkonium chloride (BAC), triclosan (TCL) and glutaraldehyde (GLA)] were determined following the recommendations of document NF EN 1040. The presence of qac and sh-fabI genes was investigated by PCR. Several antimicrobial resistance patterns and genes were detected. When MRS strains were exposed for a longer period of time, a lower concentration of the biocide was needed to achieve lethality. TCL had the lowest MBC values. All MBC values were lower than the recommended in-use concentrations for veterinary medicine. S. haemolyticus and S. cohnii subsp. cohnii carried plasmid-borne qacA and sh-fabI or qacB and a qacH-like genes, respectively. Biocides appear to be a reliable antiseptic option against MRS, since even in the presence of bacterial efflux mechanisms, the recommended concentration is much higher than the in vitro MBC.
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2013-06-10 PubMed ID: 23845732DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.011Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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This study investigates the efficacy of different disinfectants (biocides) and antibiotics against methicillin-resistant staphylococci bacteria isolated from horses. The researchers found that even the presence of bacterial resistance mechanisms doesn’t affect the effectiveness of the biocides advised for use in veterinary medicine.
Introduction
- The objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) isolated from horses to certain disinfectants (biocides) and antibiotics.
Methods
- There were fourteen methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolates under examination for the research.
- These were characterized using an array of genotyping methods, such as SCCmec, dru, spa, PFGE, and MLST typing.
- A test was carried out to ascertain the resistance of these microorganisms to different antibiotics, and the respective resistance genes were detected using PCR.
- The Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) —the lowest concentration of a chemical which prevents visible growth of bacteria— of four separate biocides: chlorhexidine acetate (CHA), benzalkonium chloride (BAC), triclosan (TCL), and glutaraldehyde (GLA), were established in accordance with the guidelines of NF EN 1040.
- Finally, the presence of the qac and sh-fabI genes, associated with bacterial antibiotic resistance, was examined using PCR.
Results
- The staphylococci bacteria showcased a variety of resistance patterns and genes against antibiotics.
- When these bacterial strains were exposed to the biocides for extended periods, lower concentrations of the biocides were needed to kill them.
- Triclosan (TCL) showed the lowest MBC values among the four biocides.
- In all cases, the MBC values were less than the concentration levels of the biocides usually prescribed for use in veterinary medicine.
- Some strains of bacteria—specifically discussed as S. haemolyticus and S. cohnii subsp. cohnii—carried the plasmid-borne qacA and sh-fabI or qacB and a qacH-like genes.
Conclusion
- These findings suggest that biocides remain a reliable means of disinfection against methicillin-resistant staphylococci, even where resistance mechanisms are present in the bacteria.
- The researchers concluded that the those working in the field of veterinary medicine can confidently use the recommended biocide concentrations, which are much higher than the in vitro MBC determined in this study, to combat these resistant bacteria.
Cite This Article
APA
Couto N, Belas A, Tilley P, Couto I, Gama LT, Kadlec K, Schwarz S, Pomba C.
(2013).
Biocide and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal isolates from horses.
Vet Microbiol, 166(1-2), 299-303.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.011 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (FMV-UTL), Portugal.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents / pharmacology
- Anti-Infective Agents
- Benzalkonium Compounds / pharmacology
- Disinfectants / pharmacology
- Horse Diseases / microbiology
- Horses
- Methicillin Resistance
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests
- Staphylococcal Infections / microbiology
- Staphylococcal Infections / veterinary
- Staphylococcus / classification
- Staphylococcus / drug effects
- Staphylococcus / genetics
- Staphylococcus / isolation & purification
Citations
This article has been cited 6 times.- Maillard JY. Impact of benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride and chloroxylenol on bacterial antimicrobial resistance. J Appl Microbiol 2022 Dec;133(6):3322-3346.
- Silva V, Alfarela C, Caniça M, Manageiro V, Nóvoa M, Leiva B, Kress M, Capelo JL, Poeta P, Igrejas G. A One Health Approach Molecular Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus Reveals Distinct Lineages in Isolates from Miranda Donkeys (Equus asinus) and Their Handlers. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022 Mar 10;11(3).
- Fox LJ, Kelly PP, Humphreys GJ, Waigh TA, Lu JR, McBain AJ. Assessing the risk of resistance to cationic biocides incorporating realism-based and biophysical approaches. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2022 Jan 20;49(1).
- Koop G, Vrieling M, Storisteanu DM, Lok LS, Monie T, van Wigcheren G, Raisen C, Ba X, Gleadall N, Hadjirin N, Timmerman AJ, Wagenaar JA, Klunder HM, Fitzgerald JR, Zadoks R, Paterson GK, Torres C, Waller AS, Loeffler A, Loncaric I, Hoet AE, Bergström K, De Martino L, Pomba C, de Lencastre H, Ben Slama K, Gharsa H, Richardson EJ, Chilvers ER, de Haas C, van Kessel K, van Strijp JA, Harrison EM, Holmes MA. Identification of LukPQ, a novel, equid-adapted leukocidin of Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep 2017 Jan 20;7:40660.
- Morais C, Costa SS, Hanke D, Santos A, Krüger-Haker H, Pomba C, Feßler AT, Schwarz S, Couto I. Genomic analysis of the Staphylococcus pseudintermedius mobilome associated with antimicrobial resistance. Front Microbiol 2025;16:1640322.
- Schwarz S, Feßler AT, Loncaric I, Wu C, Kadlec K, Wang Y, Shen J. Antimicrobial Resistance among Staphylococci of Animal Origin. Microbiol Spectr 2018 Jul;6(4).
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