Biology and neurobiology of Borna disease viruses (BDV), defined by antibodies, neutralizability and their pathogenic potential.
Abstract: Borna disease viruses (BDV) isolated from more than 20 naturally infected horses, 2 sheep and a possible feline isolate were included in these studies. Most of these wild-type viruses were grown in rabbit cells. Specifically rabbit-adapted viruses establish persistent infection in immortalized cell lines of various animal species. Brain-, tissue culture-, and cell-free released viruses could all be neutralized with antibodies from naturally and experimentally infected animals (horse; hamster, rat, rabbit, mouse, and chicken), with highest titres in birds. Splenectomized rabbits, which were subsequently infected with BDV, efficiently produced high titres of neutralizing antibodies. All of the neutralizing sera and cerebrospinal fluids from infected animals inhibited tissue culture spread of BDV. Experimental infection and hyperimmunization induced antibodies directed against the major components of the soluble antigen (60, 40/38, 25 and 14.5 kD proteins). Analysis of the s-antigen complex with these sera and 6 stable monoclonal antibodies revealed that it consists of 40/38 and 25 kD proteins. Although each of these antibodies detected intracellular virus-specific structures they did not recognize outer plasma membrane antigens, showed no cross-reactivity, and had no neutralizing capacity. Unifying pathogenetic concepts of this neurotropic virus and its structural elements are discussed.
Publication Date: 1993-01-01 PubMed ID: 8219797DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-9300-6_10Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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This research article examines Borna disease viruses (BDV), which tend to affect animals like horses and sheep. The study looks at how these viruses grow, the effects of antibodies from both natural and experimental infections, and whether these antibodies can neutralize the virus. The research also explores the role of various protein components in the virus structure and discusses potential paths for further understanding of the disease.
Detailed Explanation of the Research Paper
- The study included BDV viruses sourced from naturally infected beings including more than 20 horses, 2 sheep, and a possible feline sample.
- Most of these wild virus forms were grown in rabbit cells. The viruses that adapted to rabbit cells have been shown to be able to establish a persistent infection in immortalized cell lines from various animal species.
- The study found that neutralizing antibodies could control all forms of the virus, whether it originated from brain tissue, tissue culture, or had been released from cells. These antibodies derived from both naturally and experimentally infected animals.
Effectiveness of Neutralizing Antibodies
- Within these infected animals, birds showed the highest production of these effective antibodies.
- Other useful antibodies were also produced when rabbits without spleens were infected with BDV, and these could be used to neutralize the virus effectively as well.
- With their neutralizing effect, the antibodies present in the serum and cerebrospinal fluids of infected animals managed to inhibit the spread of BDV in tissue cultures.
Analysis of BDV Proteins and Antibodies
- The study further analyzed how antibodies interact with the proteins that make up the antigen (a toxin or foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies) of the virus.
- These antibodies were induced via an experimental infection and an enhanced immune process, and they targeted the main components—the proteins—of the virus’s soluble antigen. The most significant of these proteins were the 60, 40/38, 25 and 14.5 kD proteins.
- Further analysis showed that the ‘s-antigen’ (soluble antigen) complex was comprised of the 40/38 and 25 kD proteins.
- The research then provided or developed 6 stable monoclonal antibodies (antibodies derived from a single cell and all identical) for use in detecting these proteins. Although they could identify virus-specific structures located inside the cells, these antibodies did not recognize the virus’s outer plasma membrane antigens and showed no cross-reactivity, which means they didn’t react to other proteins or antigens; and they had no ability to neutralize the virus.
Future Implications of the Study
- The study concludes by discussing unifying pathogenetic concepts of the neurotropic virus and its structural elements, which suggests potential paths for further understanding the disease and possibly developing treatments or preventive measures in the future.
Cite This Article
APA
Ludwig H, Furuya K, Bode L, Klein N, Dürrwald R, Lee DS.
(1993).
Biology and neurobiology of Borna disease viruses (BDV), defined by antibodies, neutralizability and their pathogenic potential.
Arch Virol Suppl, 7, 111-133.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-9300-6_10 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Institute of Virology, Free University of Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral / immunology
- Antigens, Viral / immunology
- Blotting, Western
- Borna Disease / microbiology
- Borna disease virus / immunology
- Borna disease virus / pathogenicity
- Borna disease virus / physiology
- Cats
- Cells, Cultured
- Chickens
- Cricetinae
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Horses
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neutralization Tests
- Precipitin Tests
- Rabbits
- Rats
- Sheep
Citations
This article has been cited 26 times.- Yu X, Wang S, Wu W, Chang H, Shan P, Yang L, Zhang W, Wang X. Exploring New Mechanism of Depression from the Effects of Virus on Nerve Cells. Cells 2023 Jul 3;12(13).
- Dürrwald R, Kolodziejek J, Oh DY, Herzog S, Liebermann H, Osterrieder N, Nowotny N. Vaccination against Borna Disease: Overview, Vaccine Virus Characterization and Investigation of Live and Inactivated Vaccines. Viruses 2022 Dec 2;14(12).
- Dietrich DE, Bode L, Spannhuth CW, Hecker H, Ludwig H, Emrich HM. Antiviral treatment perspective against Borna disease virus 1 infection in major depression: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2020 Feb 17;21(1):12.
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