Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytokine, cytology and IgE allergen in horses with equine asthma.
Abstract: The pathophysiology of equine asthma (EA) is still not fully described, but the involvement of an allergic reaction is strongly suspected. This theory has led to the use of allergen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E tests to support a diagnosis of asthma. The objective of this descriptive study was to evaluate the correlation between four subgroups of EA (mastocytic mild equine asthma [MEA], neutrophilic MEA, mixed MEA, and severe equine asthma [SEA]), allergen specific IgE (measured in both serum and BALF) and mRNA expression of selected genes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Serum and BALF were collected from 64 horses with a history of lower airway problems with or without poor performance. Differential cell counts from BALF were used to assign horses to one of four groups (mastocytic MEA; neutrophilic MEA, mixed MEA, and SEA). The expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) coding for IL4, IL5, IL8, IL10, TGFB, TNFA, toll-like receptor (TLR)4, IL1RA, IL1B, matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP8), TLR9, chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) and cluster of differentiation (CD)14 in BALF were measured using reverse transcriptase (RT) quantitative PCR (qPCR). Allergen-specific IgE was measured in serum and BALF using an allergen-specific IgE ELISA test with the screening panel: house mites, storage mites, mould and pollen. As expected, the BALF neutrophil differential count correlated with mRNA expression of MMP-8 (r = 0.611, p < 0.001), TLR-4 (r = 0.540, p < 0.001), IL-1RA (r = 0.490, p < 0.001), IL-1β (r = 0.463, p < 0.001) and IL-8 (r = 0.302, p = 0.015). Cytokine expression of IL-1β (p = 0.014), MMP8 (p = 0.028) and IL-1RA (p = 0.037) was significantly higher in the SEA group compared to the MEA subgroups. The BALF mast cell count was correlated with allergen-specific IgE for insects (r = 0.370, p = 0.002) and pollen (r = 0.313, p = 0.011). Eosinophils in BALF were correlated with BALF mRNA expression of IL-4 (r = 0.340, p = 0.006) together with a significant correlation between BALF eosinophils and allergen-specific IgE for mites (r = 0.930, p < 0.001) and pollen in BALF (r = 0.837, p < 0.001). No correlation was found between allergen-specific IgE in serum and BALF for any of the allergen in the screening panel. Based on these results from allergen-specific IgE in horses with EA is not found in systemic circulation, and only the mastocytic and mixed subgroups of horses with EA had allergen-specific IgE in BALF. Further studies are needed to clarify the relationships identified here.
Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2019-11-19 PubMed ID: 31786444DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109976Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
Summary
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The study explored the correlation between types of equine asthma, specific immune responses, and the expression of particular genes in horses suffering from bronchial problems. The results highlighted a lack of correlation between certain immune responses in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, which is of importance for further research in this field.
Research Methodology
- The research involved collecting serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from 64 horses with documented lower airway issues.
- The horses were categorised into four groups based on differential cell counts from the BALF. These groups pertained to types of equine asthma.
- The team executed an advanced procedure called ‘reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR’ to measure the expression of selected genes in the BALF.
- They also conducted an allergen-specific IgE ELISA test to measure the allergen-specific IgE in both serum and BALF.
Findings
- Certain genes, such as MMP-8, TLR-4, IL-1RA, IL-1β and IL-8 showed notable correlation with the neutrophil differential count in the BALF.
- On comparing the levels of cytokine expression across the four equine asthma groups, horses in the severe equine asthma (SEA) group showed significantly higher expressions of IL-1β, MMP8, and IL-1RA markers.
- The BALF mast cell count had a correlation with allergen-specific IgE for insects and pollen.
- BALF eosinophils showed a relationship with BALF mRNA expression of IL-4 and allergen-specific IgE for mites and pollen.
- However, the study did not uncover a correlation between allergen-specific IgE in serum and BALF for any allergen included in their screening panel.
Conclusion
- The research indicates that allergen-specific IgE in horses with equine asthma does not feature in systemic circulation. Moreover, only the mastocytic and mixed subgroups of horses with equine asthma had allergen-specific IgE present in their BALF.
- The authors conclude that further research is required to uncover the underlying connections identified in the study.
Cite This Article
APA
Hansen S, Otten ND, Birch K, Skovgaard K, Hopster-Iversen C, Fjeldborg J.
(2019).
Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytokine, cytology and IgE allergen in horses with equine asthma.
Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 220, 109976.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109976 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Large Animal Sciences, Hoejbakkegaard Allé 5, DK-2630, Taastrup, Denmark. Electronic address: sannih@sund.ku.dk.
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Large Animal Sciences, Hoejbakkegaard Allé 5, DK-2630, Taastrup, Denmark.
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Large Animal Sciences, Hoejbakkegaard Allé 5, DK-2630, Taastrup, Denmark.
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Large Animal Sciences, Hoejbakkegaard Allé 5, DK-2630, Taastrup, Denmark.
MeSH Terms
- Allergens / immunology
- Animals
- Asthma / immunology
- Asthma / veterinary
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / cytology
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / immunology
- Cytokines / analysis
- Cytokines / blood
- Eosinophils / immunology
- Female
- Horse Diseases / immunology
- Horses / immunology
- Immunoglobulin E / analysis
- Immunoglobulin E / blood
- Insecta / immunology
- Male
- Mast Cells / immunology
- Neutrophils / immunology
- Pollen / immunology
- Prospective Studies
Citations
This article has been cited 11 times.- Westermann CM, de Bie AG, Olave C, de Grauw JC, Teske E, Couetil LL. Effect of Lavage Solution Type on Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Cytology in Clinically Healthy Horses.. Animals (Basel) 2023 Aug 15;13(16).
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- Woodrow JS, Hines M, Sommardahl C, Flatland B, Lo Y, Wang Z, Sheats MK, Lennon EM. Initial investigation of molecular phenotypes of airway mast cells and cytokine profiles in equine asthma.. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:997139.
- Wyler M, Sage SE, Marti E, White S, Gerber V. Protein microarray allergen profiling in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum of horses with asthma.. J Vet Intern Med 2023 Jan;37(1):328-337.
- Janssen P, Tosi I, Hego A, Maréchal P, Marichal T, Radermecker C. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Are Found in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluids of Horses With Severe Asthma and Correlate With Asthma Severity.. Front Immunol 2022;13:921077.
- Adamič N, Prpar Mihevc S, Blagus R, Kramarič P, Krapež U, Majdič G, Viel L, Hoffman AM, Bienzle D, Vengust M. Effect of intrabronchial administration of autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on severe equine asthma.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022 Jan 21;13(1):23.
- Karagianni AE, Kurian D, Cillán-Garcia E, Eaton SL, Wishart TM, Pirie RS. Training associated alterations in equine respiratory immunity using a multiomics comparative approach.. Sci Rep 2022 Jan 10;12(1):427.
- Morini M, Peli A, Rinnovati R, Magazzù G, Romagnoli N, Spadari A, Pietra M. Immunohistochemical Expression of Neurokinin-A and Interleukin-8 in the Bronchial Epithelium of Horses with Severe Equine Asthma Syndrome during Asymptomatic, Exacerbation, and Remission Phase.. Animals (Basel) 2021 May 12;11(5).
- Davis KU, Sheats MK. Differential gene expression and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage cells from horses with mild/moderate neutrophilic or mastocytic inflammation on BAL cytology.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021 Apr;234:110195.
- Hulliger MF, Pacholewska A, Vargas A, Lavoie JP, Leeb T, Gerber V, Jagannathan V. An Integrative miRNA-mRNA Expression Analysis Reveals Striking Transcriptomic Similarities between Severe Equine Asthma and Specific Asthma Endotypes in Humans.. Genes (Basel) 2020 Sep 28;11(10).
- Ambrocio-Ortiz E, Galicia-Negrete G, Pérez-Rubio G, Escobar-Morales AJ, Abarca-Rojano E, Del Angel-Pablo AD, Castillejos-López MDJ, Falfán-Valencia R. Single Nucleotide and Copy-Number Variants in IL4 and IL13 Are Not Associated with Asthma Susceptibility or Inflammatory Markers: A Case-Control Study in a Mexican-Mestizo Population.. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020 Apr 30;10(5).
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