Cardiac output measurement by partial carbon dioxide rebreathing, 2-dimensional echocardiography, and lithium-dilution method in anesthetized neonatal foals.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to assess 2 noninvasive methods of measuring cardiac output (CO) in neonatal foals by comparing results to that of the lithium-dilution method. Ten neonatal foals were anesthetized and CO was manipulated by varying the depth of anesthesia and infusion of dobutamine. Concurrent CO measurements were obtained by lithium dilution (reference method), partial carbon dioxide (CO2) rebreathing, volumetric echocardiography (cubic, Teichholz, Bullet, area-length, and single and biplane modified Simpson formulas), and transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. Thirty pairs of lithium-dilution/noninvasive CO measurements were taken from the 10 foals. For each method, relative bias was calculated as a percentage of the average CO. Lithium determinations of CO ranged between 3.09 and 1 1.1 L/min (mean +/- SD = 6.39 +/- 2.1 L/min), resulting in cardiac indices ranging between 79.0 and 209 mL/kg/min (mean +/- SD = 131 +/- 35.9 mL/kg/min). Relative bias of Doppler echocardiography significantly increased (P < .05), whereas that of partial CO2 rebreathing significantly decreased (P = .03) with increasing CO. Other methods were not influenced by the level of CO. Among methods not influenced by the level of CO, relative bias of the Bullet method (-4.2 +/- 20.9%; limits of agreement -45.2 to 36.7%) was significantly lower (P < .05) than that of each of the other noninvasive methods evaluated. Volumetric echocardiography using the Bullet method provides an accurate and noninvasive estimate of CO in anesthetized neonatal foals and warrants investigation in critically ill conscious foals.
Publication Date: 2005-10-20 PubMed ID: 16231720DOI: 10.1892/0891-6640(2005)19[737:combpc]2.0.co;2Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Comparative Study
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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This research aimed to evaluate the accuracy of two noninvasive methods to measure cardiac output in young, anesthetized horses by comparing them to the lithium-dilution method. Results show that one noninvasive method called volumetric echocardiography using the Bullet method can provide accurate and noninvasive estimations of cardiac output in this condition.
Methods Involved
- The research was carried out on ten neonatal foals, all of which were anesthetized.
- Cardiac output was manipulated by altering the depth of anesthesia and the infusion of dobutamine, a medication that enhances heart function.
- Different measurements of cardiac output were made concurrently using lithium dilution (the reference method), partial carbon dioxide rebreathing, transthoracic Doppler echocardiography, and volumetric echocardiography (which involved several formulas such as the cubic, Teichholz, Bullet, area-length, and single and biplane modified Simpson).
Results and Findings
- A total of thirty pairs of lithium-dilution/noninvasive cardiac output measurements were acquired from the ten foals.
- The relative bias of each method was determined as a percentage of the average cardiac output.
- The cardiac output measured through lithium dilution ranged from 3.09 to 11.1 L/min, resulting in cardiac indices between 79.0 and 209 mL/kg/min.
- The relative bias of the Doppler echocardiography method significantly increased while the relative bias of the partial carbon dioxide rebreathing method significantly decreased with increasing cardiac output.
- When considering methods not influenced by the level of cardiac output, the relative bias of the Bullet method was significantly lower than each of the other noninvasive methods evaluated.
Conclusions
- Volumetric echocardiography using the Bullet method has been found to provide an accurate and noninvasive estimate of cardiac output in anesthetized neonatal foals.
- Therefore, the use of this method merits further investigation in the monitoring of critically ill conscious foals.
Cite This Article
APA
Giguère S, Bucki E, Adin DB, Valverde A, Estrada AH, Young L.
(2005).
Cardiac output measurement by partial carbon dioxide rebreathing, 2-dimensional echocardiography, and lithium-dilution method in anesthetized neonatal foals.
J Vet Intern Med, 19(5), 737-743.
https://doi.org/10.1892/0891-6640(2005)19[737:combpc]2.0.co;2 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Departments of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. gigueres@mail.vetmed.ufl.edu
MeSH Terms
- Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit / methods
- Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit / veterinary
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Carbon Dioxide / physiology
- Cardiac Output / physiology
- Echocardiography / methods
- Echocardiography / veterinary
- Echocardiography, Doppler / methods
- Echocardiography, Doppler / veterinary
- Female
- Horses / physiology
- Lithium
- Male
- Pulmonary Gas Exchange / physiology
Citations
This article has been cited 2 times.- Paranjape VV, Garcia-Pereira FL, Menciotti G, Saksena S, Henao-Guerrero N, Ricco-Pereira CH. Evaluation of Electrical Cardiometry for Measuring Cardiac Output and Derived Hemodynamic Variables in Comparison with Lithium Dilution in Anesthetized Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2023 Jul 20;13(14).
- Berthoud D, Schwarzwald CC. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular size and systolic function in Warmblood horses using linear measurements, area-based indices, and volume estimates: A retrospective database analysis. J Vet Intern Med 2021 Jan;35(1):504-520.
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